Management of Waste Batteries and Accumulators: Quest of European Union Goals

Dobrowolski, Zbysław; Sułkowski, Łukasz; Danielak, Wiesław

doi:10.3390/en14196273

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…If, according to USEPA-the United States Environmental Protection Agency-Cd is carcinogenic only by inhalation and Pb has no carcinogenic effects, according to Mazzucco et al [26], lead, cadmium and mercury are highly carcinogenic, and they are toxic according to the authors Elonheimo et al [28]. The health hazard index afferent to heavy metal water pollution is calculated by the authors Dobrowolski et al [48], who show that Pb is the priority pollutant affecting water quality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Approach to Modelling the Impact of Heavy Metals on the European Union’s Water Resources

Zlati

Georgescu

Iticescu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The present research aims to address the highly topical issue of heavy metal water pollution from an integrated European perspective, i.e., to quantify through modelling a general model of water pollution reduction in the EU. The objectives of the study are mainly aimed at identifying effective solutions to reduce heavy metal water pollution and providing supranational decision-makers with public policy directions in the field. The research methods consist of the foundation of working hypotheses based on the study of the literature, the consolidation of official statistical databases in the field, econometric modelling and the conceptualisation of a general model and its testing and validation by statistical methods. The results of the analysis consist of the following marginal contributions: the identification of a general model for combating heavy metal pollution; the calculation of the degree of contribution of regional policies to the general model; and the identification of effective solutions to improve the combating of heavy metal water pollution in Europe. The main conclusion of the analysis shows that significant progress has been achieved at the EU level in the field of combating heavy metal water pollution. However, the level of disparity and poor policy coordination are real vulnerabilities for the EU.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Approach to Modelling the Impact of Heavy Metals on the European Union’s Water Resources

Zlati

Georgescu

Iticescu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Secondly, more research is needed on the Business Model Canvas usage in the public sector and other hybrid organisations, which operate with less profit-dominant business models. Future research may also focus on how the Business Model Canvas includes risk management related to the Internet of Things and Big Data [66] or recycling issues [67]. Such research would help to get the Business Model Canvas approach into a public organisation's operations sooner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Business Model Canvas and Energy Enterprises

Dobrowolski

Sułkowski

2021

Energies

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So far, little is known about the Business Model Canvas development in the energy sector. In this paper, we fill this knowledge gap and modify the Business Model Canvas. Based on the cause–effect analysis combined with the literature searching method, we suggest that Osterwalder’s Canvas for energy enterprise should be modified because the available Canvas adaptations cannot fully capture the energy enterprise’s business model or realise its business operations combined with the public interest. We propose a new original Canvas adaptation by adding two crucial blocks representing the mission, energy accountability, and impact on stakeholders in the Business Model Canvas. The findings make two main contributions. First, they contribute to developing entrepreneurship theory. We formulate an original definition of a business model, first showing the limitations of current definitions. We verify Chesbrough’s functions of business models. Second, compared to earlier business model frameworks, the new model clearly points out that accountability in firms’ everyday businesses is at the core of business development. Moreover, this article formulates future research avenues in the energy sector and provides a helpful planning tool for practitioners.

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“…[ 38 ] Currently, most countries do not have government‐affiliated LIB recycling centers, but it is expected to be built to align with national realities for future development. [ 39 ]…”

Section: Global Challenges and Opportunities Ahead In The Lib Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Challenges in Efficient Lithium‐Ion Batteries’ Recycling: A Perspective

Gupta

et al. 2022

Global Challenges

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power density, [1] especially for electronic devices, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid storage systems. As a result, the global market of LIBs is expected to follow a rapid upward trend, projected to reach US$56 billion by 2024. [1c] The primary growth will be triggered by the massive EV production, which is expected to reach $253 million by 2030. [1c] The rising LIB utilization has increased the demand for critical raw materials such as lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). However, most of these essential materials are regulated by specific countries. More than half of cobalt ore is mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo and refined in China, and about 80% of lithium is controlled by Australia and Chile. [2] This uneven distribution of raw materials and production areas has raised concerns about the global supply chain. As a result, lithium and cobalt prices are rising and fluctuating, and in the meantime, the geopolitics could lead to a monopoly of raw material supply by local governments. [3] Therefore, from a sustainability perspective, it is essential to establish a secondary supply of critical materials recovered from spent LIBs (from EVs, stationary storage batteries, and home appliances) and from the manufacturing wastes (trimming, end products, off-spec products, etc.) to mitigate the severity of this potential shortage.On the other hand, since LIBs can usually be used for 10 years on average, [3,4] the amount of spent LIBs is expected to reach more than 5 million tons by 2030. [5] The main components of LIBs are cathode materials (LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 (0 < x, y, z <1, x + y + z = 1, known as NCM), LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiFePO 4 (LFP), etc.), anode materials (graphite), current collectors (aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu)), electrolyte salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), organic solvents (ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), etc.). All these different components contain hazardous materials and result in metal, dust, organic, and fluorine contaminations. [6] Landfilling or incineration can harm ecosystems. For example, once the electrode materials enter the environment, metal ions from the cathode, carbon dust from the anode, strong alkali, and heavy metal ions from the electrolyte may cause severe environmental pollutions, hazards, etc., including raising the pH value of the soil, [7] and producing the toxic gases (HF, HCl, etc.). In addition, the metals and electrolytes in batteries can harm human health. For example, the cobalt may get into the human body via underground water and other channels, causing Li-ion battery (LIB) recycling has become an urgent need with rapid prospering of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, which has caused a shortage of material resources and led to an increasing amount of retired batteries. However, the global LIB recycling effort is hampered by various factors such as insufficient logistics, regulation, and technology readiness. Here, the challenges associated with LIB recycling...

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Management of Waste Batteries and Accumulators: Quest of European Union Goals

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

New Approach to Modelling the Impact of Heavy Metals on the European Union’s Water Resources

New Approach to Modelling the Impact of Heavy Metals on the European Union’s Water Resources

Business Model Canvas and Energy Enterprises

Current Challenges in Efficient Lithium‐Ion Batteries’ Recycling: A Perspective

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