Management of Tuberculosis Infection: Current Situation, Recent Developments and Operational Challenges

Abstract

Tuberculosis infection (TBI) is defined as a state of infection in which individuals host live Mycobacterium tuberculosis with or without clinical signs of active TB. It is now understood as a dynamic process covering a spectrum of responses to infection resulting from the interaction between the TB bacilli and the host immune system. The global burden of TBI is about one-quarter of the world’s population, representing a reservoir of approximately 2 billion people. On average, 5–10% of people who are infected will develop TB disease over the course of their lives, but this risk is enhanced in a series of conditions, such as co-infection with HIV. The End-TB strategy promotes the programmatic management of TBI as a crucial endeavor to achieving global targets to end the TB epidemic. The current development of new diagnostic tests capable of discriminating between simple TBI and active TB, combined with novel short-course preventive treatments, will help achieve this goal. In this paper, we present the current situation and recent developments of management of TBI and the operational challenges.

Beyond latent and active tuberculosis: a scoping review of conceptual frameworks

“… 4 2023 The Natural History of Untreated Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Quantify progression and regression across the spectrum of TB disease of individuals with untreated TB during the pre-chemotherapy era Systematic Review Agbota et al. 56 2023 Management of Tuberculosis Infection: Current Situation, Recent Developments and Operational Challenges Review of recent developments in management of LTBI and operational challenges Review Escalante et al. 57 2023 New diagnostics for the spectrum of asymptomatic TB: from infection to subclinical disease Review of developments and challenges in diagnostics for LTBI and the spectrum of asymptomatic TB Review Kim et al.…”

Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome Induced by Primary Anti-tubercular Medication: A Case Report

“…TB is considered endemic in India, with a significant proportion of identified TB cases worldwide originating from this country, accounting for around 28% of the global TB burden in 2021 [ 13 ]. ATT medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide, are known for their potential to induce DRESS syndrome.…”

Management of cutaneous tuberculosis in hand – Rare and disabling: A case report

“…Tuberculosis (TB), a disease as ancient as civilization itself, remains a critical public health challenge worldwide, ranking as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent [ 1 ]. In 2021, TB was responsible for 10.6 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths, highlighting its significant impact, particularly in low- and middle-income countries which bear the brunt of the disease [ 2 ]. The disproportionate distribution of TB cases, notably in the WHO regions of South-East Asia and Africa, underscores the need for targeted interventions in these high-burden areas [ 3 ].…”

“…Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB), making up 22 % of TB cases in Europe, demonstrates the disease's ability to affect various anatomical sites beyond the lungs, such as the lymph nodes, urogenital tract, and skin.4 Among these, cutaneous TB (CTB) is a rare but significant form, especially challenging to diagnose due to its diverse manifestations and the commonality of immunocompromised patients among its demographic.6,7 The interplay between TB and factors like the HIV epidemic, migration, and crowded living conditions has exacerbated the resurgence of TB, complicating efforts to control its spread [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ].…”