Management of the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Through Lifestyle Modification

Abstract

Sustainable lifestyle modifications in diet and physical activity are the initial, and often the primary, component in the management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. An energy-prudent diet, coupled with moderate levels of physical activity, favorably affects several parameters of the metabolic syndrome and delays the onset of diabetic complications. Weight loss, albeit not an absolute prerequisite for improvement, is a major determinant and maximizes effectiveness. Adopting a healthy lifestyle pattern requires a series of long-term behavioral changes, but evidence to date indicates low long-term adherence to diet and physical activity recommendations. This calls for greater research and public health efforts focusing on strategies to facilitate behavior modification.

Exercise Is More Effective than Diet Control in Preventing High Fat Diet-induced β-Amyloid Deposition and Memory Deficit in Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice

“…Magkos et al (27) reviewed that first-line intervention of metabolic dysfunctions involves lifestyle modifications including diet control and physical activity and that metabolic dysfunctions may be reversible if addressed early on. They proposed that long-term engagement in lifestyle changes may result in the resolution of such dysfunctions (27).…”

“…They proposed that long-term engagement in lifestyle changes may result in the resolution of such dysfunctions (27). However, there has been no solid evidence on whether diet control or exercise is more effective in the prevention of AD.…”

Fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese women

“…An energy-prudent diet coupled with moderate levels of physical activity favorably affects several components of MetS. However, the effects of macro and micronutrients in the treatment of MetS are still mostly unknown 6 . In this context, it is crucial to understand the link between dietary patterns and the occurrence of MetS, with the aim of proposing new strategies of intervention.…”

Voluntary exercise under a food restriction condition decreases blood branched-chain amino acid levels, in addition to improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism, in db mice, animal model of type 2 diabetes

“…The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has recently grown worldwide [1,2]. Although T2DM has genetic predispositions, it is unlikely that the gene pool has changed appreciably over this short period of time [3,4].…”

“…Although T2DM has genetic predispositions, it is unlikely that the gene pool has changed appreciably over this short period of time [3,4]. Thus, the growing incidence of T2DM may be related to lifestyle factors rather than genetic factors [1][2][3][4]. Exercise, one of these lifestyle factors, has markedly reduced in the past several decades, especially in developed countries [1,5,6].…”