Management of Postoperative and Other Acute Pain

Dobromylskyj, P.; Flecknell, P. A.; Lascelles, B. Duncan X.; Pascoe, Peter J; Taylor, Philip; Waterman-Pearson, AE

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-1767-4.50008-4

Cited by 58 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…Combining analgesics from different classes (multimodal analgesia) is a widely used technique in man 14 and in veterinary clinical practice. 15 The administration of an opioid and a NSAID is thought to provide more effective pain relief than when high dose rates of a single analgesic are used. 16,17 Side-effects from analgesic drugs may also be minimized because lower doses of each drug can be administered, than if the drugs were administered individually.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

2009

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Reported analgesic use following experimental surgery is low in rodents and there has been little published information on the frequency of analgesic use in other laboratory species. A structured literature review was conducted to examine analgesic administration in larger laboratory animals. The Scirus search engine was used to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals that reported carrying out experimental surgery on 'large' laboratory animals, specifically rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates. Seventy-four studies between 2000 and 2001 and 75 studies between 2005 and 2006 were included in the review. There was an increase in the reported administration of systemic analgesics to these species from 50% in 2000-2001 to 63% in 2005-2006. When all agents with analgesic properties were considered (systemic analgesics, local anaesthetics and anaesthetics with analgesic components), the proportion of papers that reported some form of analgesic administration to 'large' laboratory animals increased from 86% in 2000-2001 to 89% in 2005-2006. Overall rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates were more likely to receive analgesics following potentially painful experimental procedures than has been reported in laboratory rodents but analgesic administration to 'large' laboratory species is still not optimal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

2009

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“…All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) and were performed in compliance with the institute's guidelines. Intrathymic injection was performed while mice were under ketamine/medetomidine anesthesia (23). The top one-third of the sternum was cut to expose the thymus, and 2 ϫ 10 6 cells in 20 l were injected using a 1-ml syringe and a 25-gauge needle mounted on a Tridek Stepper (Indicon, Danbury, CT), as described (24).…”

Section: Micementioning

confidence: 99%

IL-7 Gene Therapy in Aging Restores Early Thymopoiesis without Reversing Involution

Phillips

Brondstetter

English

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

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Thymic involution begins early in life and continues throughout adulthood, resulting in a decreased population of naive T cells in the periphery and a reduced ability to fight off newly encountered infectious diseases. We have previously shown that the first step of thymopoiesis is specifically blocked in aging. This block at the DN1 to DN2 transition and the subsequent loss of thymic output in old age mirrors the changes seen in IL-7-deficient mice, and it is hypothesized that decreased intrathymic IL-7 is involved in age-related thymic involution. To separate the effect of IL-7 on thymic involution from its function as a peripheral lymphocyte growth cofactor, we injected IL-7-secreting stromal cells into the thymi of recipient mice. The increased local concentration of IL-7 maintained the first step of thymopoiesis at a level far higher than was seen in age-matched controls. However, despite this success, there was no decrease in thymic involution or increase in T cell output. The inability of IL-7 to prevent involution led us to the discovery of an additional age-sensitive step in thymopoiesis, proliferation of the DN4 population, which is unaffected by IL-7 expression.

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“…Αναστέλλουν τη μεταβίβαση των ώσεων στις νευρικές ίνες και τις νευρομυϊκές συνάψεις, με αποτέλεσμα τον αποκλεισμό του αυτόνομου νευρικού συστήματος, την αναισθησία/αναλγησία ή τη μυϊκή παράλυση της περιο χής που νευρώνεται από τα συγκεκριμένα νεύρα (Dobromylskyj et al 2000, Mama 2002). OL αισθήσεις καταλύονται με την ακόλουθη σειρά: πόνος, θερμότητα, αφή, αίσθηση βαθιάς πίεσης, ενώ τελευταία καταλύεται η κινητική λειτουργία.…”

Section: τοπικά αναισθητικάunclassified

“…Τα φάρμακα που έχουν μελετηθεί είναι η ξυλαζίνη, η μεδετομιδίνη, η δετομιδίνη και η ρομι-φιδίνη. Οι παρενέργειες (αλλά και η αναλγησία) μπορούν να αναστραφούν με τη χορήγηση α 2 -ανταγωνιστών, όπως η ατιπαμεζόλη (40 μ^1<£ iv) και η υοχιβίνη (50 μ^1<£ iv) (Dobromylskyj et al 2000, Daunt and Steffey 2002, Robin son and Natalini 2002.…”

Section: α 2 -αδρενεργικοί αγωνιστέςunclassified

“…Τα ΜΣΑΦ σε υψηλές δόσεις και συχνή χορήγηση προκαλούν τοξίκωση (Taylor and Clarke 1999, Dobromylskyj et al 2000, Schatzmann 2001). Προκα λούνται αναπνευστικές και γαστρεντερικές δυσλει τουργίες, ενώ έχουν αναφερθεί θρομβοφλεβίτιδα και νέκρωση ιστών από ενδομυϊκές ή περιαγγειακές εγχύ σεις, καθώς και ηπατοκυτταρική τοξίκωση από καρ-προφαίνη σε σκύλους (Moses and Bertone 2002).…”

Section: μη στεροειδή αντιφλεγμονώδη φάρμακα (μσαφ)unclassified

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Pain assessment and treatment in equines

Amaniti¹,

Savvas²,

Diakakis³

2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Current concepts in pain on animals suggest that -at least- mammals perceive and experience pain like humans do. Pain receptors are the free nerve endings. Qualitative analysis and interpretation is done in brain cortex (somatosensory area), while nociception may be done in lower centres. Pain may be physiological or clinical. In physiological pain, short acting noxious stimuli act on nociceptors and produce pain, but without any neurophysiological modification. In clinical pain, mostly intense noxious stimuli bring alterations in neuronal physiology, in central nervous system (central sensitization), as well as in peripheral nervous system (peripheral sensitization). Eventually, pain threshold is reduced and hyperalgesia is established. Clinical pain may be inflammatory or neuropathic. According to its origin, it may be somatic (skin, bones, joints, muscles), which is acute and may be accurately localized, or visceral (from the abdominal and thoracic organs), which is blunt and diffuse. Post-operative pain mayprolong hospitalization and increase morbidity. Pain management is mandatory for humane, legal and medical reasons. The latter include elimination of side effects of catecholamine production, facilitation of healing and restoration of the animal's normal functions (diet, self-care, etc.), which in general reduce the response to stress. Moreover, organ function is improved and morbidity is reduced. As a result, peri-operative analgesia may improve health, as long as most analgesic techniques improve organ function post-operatively. The first indication of pain in animals is behavioural alteration. In chronic pain, metabolic disturbances may alsooccur. In normal equines, it seems that there are variations among individuals. In general, it is easier to diagnose an acute abdominal pain than a chronic pain in joints, tendons or bones. In acute pain, the horse develops special facial expression. The animal looksbackwards and kicks the ground. Peripheral somatic pain may produce acute signs. Pain is definitely treated only after diagnosing itscause. However, it may also be treated symptomatically with analgesics and local denervations. Additionally, trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of peripheral nerves or other sights of central nervous system may alleviate pain (electroanalgesia). Finally,acupuncture maybe applied. Among the analgesic drugs, in equines, opioids (morphine, methadone, pethidine, butorphanile) produce very good analgesia and mild sedation. Respiratory and intestinal contractility depression is common side effect. Central nervous system excitations maybe seen, especially after morphine administration. Local anaesthetics produce excellent analgesia and maybe used pre- (pre-emptive analgesia), intra- (to reduce general anaesthetic dose rates) and post-operatively. a2-Adrenergic agonists produce analgesia, mainly visceral. They are very good analgesics in cases of colics, whereas their sedative effects reduce the incidence of self-trauma. Their major disadvantage is cardiovascular depression. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have very good anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in cases of acute pain, traumatic or surgical, as well as in chronic pain.

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Management of Postoperative and Other Acute Pain

Cited by 58 publications

References 1 publication

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

IL-7 Gene Therapy in Aging Restores Early Thymopoiesis without Reversing Involution

Pain assessment and treatment in equines

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