Management of hospital outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to small roundstructured viruses

Chadwick, Paul; Beards, G. M.; Brown, David; Caul, E.O.; Cheesbrough, J.; Clarke, Ian N.; Curry, Alan; O’Brien, Sarah J.; Quigley, Karen S.; Sellwood, Jane; Westmoreland, D.

doi:10.1053/jhin.2000.0662

Cited by 126 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It became the mainstay of infection prevention strategies in the United Kingdom in the early 2000s following publication of Health Protection Agency (HPA) guidelines which stipulated that wards should be closed for at least 72 h after the last case of norovirus and only after a thorough terminal cleaning has been performed (239). The goal of ward closure is to prevent the transfer of new susceptible patients into an affected ward and the transfer of potentially ill patients out to other unaffected wards.…”

Section: Staff and Patient Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus

2015

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SUMMARY Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae , is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.

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Section: Staff and Patient Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus

2015

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“…Chadwick et al 97 provided useful recommendations for the containment of norovirus outbreaks in the hospital setting, most of which also apply to the care home setting, and these are summarised in box 1.…”

Section: Infection Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorhexidine and alcohol are ineffective against norovirus and therefore bleach must be used for cleansing surfaces, and soap and water for washing hands 97,98 . …”

Section: Box 1: Measures For Containment Of Norovirus Infection Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-respiratory infections – specific considerations in care homes

Ewan

Gordon

2010

Rev. Clin. Gerontol.

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SummaryThis review provides an update on current evidence surrounding the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of non-respiratory infections in care homes. It covers urinary tract infection (UTI), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), decubitus ulcers, scabies, tinea infections and viral and bacterial gastroenteritis. The care home sector provides a unique ecological niche for infections, housing frail older people with multiple co-morbidities and frequent contact with healthcare services in a semi-closed environment. This leads to differences in the diagnosis and management of infections -particularly of outbreaks -when compared with community-dwelling counterparts. It is essential that care home staff play a role in the early recognition, isolation and treatment of infections but they are often not trained as healthcare professionals -this presents a challenge to systematised response. Effective interface between care homes, public health and infection control services are essential to the delivery of care, yet it is not clear how most-effectively to structure such links.

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“…Rigorous infection control policies have had significant impact in many situations, such as the transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in renal dialysis units (UK Department of Health, 2002) and the spread of norovirus, the cause of winter vomiting disease, during outbreaks on hospital wards (Chadwick et al, 2000;McCall and Smithson, 2002). The eradication of smallpox and the elimination of poliovirus from large parts of the globe are two of the most striking examples of vaccine preventable disease, but there are many more, including the prevention of influenza virus infection (Nichol, 2003) and vaccination against HBV (Bonanni and Bonaccorsi, 2001).…”

Section: The Changing Face Of Viral Infections and Their Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%