Management of dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome

Factors associated with the presence of atrophic tongue in patients with dry mouth

“…This sensation occurs when the salivary flow rate is less than the rate of fluid loss from the mouth by evaporation and by absorption of water through the oral mucosa, although saliva flow rate varies greatly among individuals . For this reason, all individuals visiting our Dry Mouth Clinic with the complaint of dryness of the mouth were counted as cases of xerostomia in this study …”

The effect of pilocarpine on dental caries in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a database prospective cohort study

“…Besides, deterioration in saliva quality or loss of the beneficial physiological effects of saliva on the intraoral environment is believed to be another causative factor for refractory intraoral manifestations in pSS [23]. Although a previous study showed that stimulation of salivary flow results in a decrease in Candida colony-forming units, it is still not proven whether a reduced number of colonies in the oral cavity can prevent the onset of oral candidiasis [24].…”

Effects of Lactoferrin on Oral and Throat Conditions under Low Humidity Environments: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

“…The inclusion criteria was being aged between 18-65 years. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) salivary flow rate less than 0.1 mL/min (diagnostic criteria for xerostomia); (2) disease in the teeth, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, or respiratory system; (3) consumption of functional foods or use of oral care products that influence the oral environment during the test period; (4) mouth breather; (5) burden on the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and respiratory system; (6) smoker; (7) heavy drinker; (8) irregular wake-up time and bedtime; (9) serious disease in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, blood, endocrine system, and metabolic system; chronic disease; or serious medical history of these; (10) serious food allergy, such as milk or drug allergies, or a serious medical history of these conditions; (11) pregnant, under lactation, or expected to be pregnant during the course of the study; and (12) determined as ineligible for participation in this study, judging from the principal researcher/doctor's opinions on the findings of their background. The background information confirmed by the principal researcher/doctor included recent hospital records, medication status, subjective symptoms, and basic demographics such as sex, age, body weight, and height.…”

“…The amount of moisture present in the mouth is determined by the equilibrium between salivation and saliva evaporation. Loss of moisture in the mouth due to reduced salivation and/or excessive saliva evaporation can cause xerostomia [ 10 ]. Patients with xerostomia complain of oral and throat symptoms, such as dryness and speech and swallowing difficulties [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”