Mammary Gland Defense: The Role of Colostrum, Milk and Involution Secretion

Fetherston, Catherine; Lee, Chee Seong; Hartmann, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0661-4_8

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…In this period, inadequate emptying of the breast, blockage of ducts, microbial invasion, or trauma can cause inflammation in the mammary gland, often resulting in severe mastitis, abscess, and septicemia (98,99). These conditions cause an increased influx of leukocytes to mammary infection sites; many of these cells pass into milk and are protective (64,98).…”

Section: A New Diagnostic Toolmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Breast milk leukocytes not only function in the young, but they also protect the mammary gland from infection during lactation (98). In this period, inadequate emptying of the breast, blockage of ducts, microbial invasion, or trauma can cause inflammation in the mammary gland, often resulting in severe mastitis, abscess, and septicemia (98,99).…”

Section: A New Diagnostic Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Hassiotou

Geddes

2015

Advances in Nutrition

111

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Breastfeeding has been regarded first and foremost as a means of nutrition for infants, providing essential components for their unique growth and developmental requirements. However, breast milk is also rich in immunologic factors, highlighting its importance as a mediator of protection. In accordance with its evolutionary origin, the mammary gland offers via the breastfeeding route continuation of the maternal to infant immunologic support established in utero. At birth, the infant's immune system is immature, and although it was exposed to the maternal microbial flora during pregnancy, it experiences an abrupt change in its microbial environment during and after birth, which is challenging and renders the infant highly susceptible to infection. Active and passive immunity protects the infant via breast milk, which is rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, cytokines, and numerous other immunologic factors, including maternal leukocytes. Breast milk leukocytes provide active immunity and promote development of immunocompetence in the infant. Additionally, it has been speculated that they play a role in the protection of the mammary gland from infection. Leukocytes are thought to exert these functions via phagocytosis, secretion of antimicrobial factors and/or antigen presentation in both the mammary gland and the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, and also in other infant tissues, where they are transported via the systemic circulation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that breast milk leukocytes respond dynamically to maternal as well as infant infections, and are fewer in nonexclusively compared with exclusively breastfeeding dyads, further emphasizing their importance for both the mother and infant. This review summarizes the current knowledge of human milk leukocytes and factors influencing them, and presents recent novel findings supporting their potential as a diagnostic marker for infections of the lactating breast and of the breastfed infant.

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Section: A New Diagnostic Toolmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: A New Diagnostic Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Hassiotou

Geddes

2015

Advances in Nutrition

111

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“…In a healthy udder, the SCC ranges from 50 000 to 100 000 cells/cm 3 of milk, and a level of 200 000 cells defines the threshold between health and disease (Fetherston et al. 2001; Barrett 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of somatic cell count on milk composition and dairy farm profitability

El-Tahawy¹,

El‐Far

2010

Int J of Dairy Tech

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The objective of this paper was to investigate seasonal variations in bulk somatic cell totals and milk composition, evaluate the influence of somatic cell count (SCC) on milk fat and protein content and determine the effects of SCC on dairy farm profitability. A total of 1440 samples were analysed. Data were obtained by randomly collecting five samples of bulk tank milk from each of 24 dairy farms every month from April 2008 to March 2009. Milk was analysed for titratable protein, fat content and SCC (direct microscopic cell count). The highest total bulk SCCs were observed during autumn and winter. Conversely, higher levels of milk fat and protein were generated during spring and summer. A significant negative correlation was noted between SCC and milk composition, daily milk yield and milk returns. By logarithmic function, a significant negative relationship was observed between SCC and milk composition or milk returns. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the SCC is a useful tool for judging dairy farm profit and milk quality.

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“…As opposed to the concentration of microorganisms causing mastitis, the SCC does not undergo any quantitative changes in the milk after it leaves the udder, and that is why it is a commonly used indicator of the health status of this organ. In an absolutely healthy udder, SCC ranges from 50 000 to 100 000 cells in 1 cm 3 of milk, whereas the level of 200 000 cells defines the threshold between health and disease (Skrzypek, 1996; Auldist and Hubble, 1998; Fetherston et al., 2001; Barrett, 2002). Cows with an increased SCC level in milk are common in each herd; hence mastitis is called the most costly disease of dairy cows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Somatic Cell Count in Cow Bulk Tank Milk – A Case Study from Poland

Skrzypek¹,

Wójtowski²,

Fahr

2004

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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The aim of this paper was a retrospective analysis of factors affecting the somatic cell count (SCC) in cow bulk tank milk. The investigations concerned the year 2000 and were conducted on 212 family dairy farms in the Wielkopolska region (Western Poland). The average herd size was 13.3 cows (ranging from 5 to 48), whereas the mean SCC was 269,000 in 1 cm3 of milk (ranging from 63,000 to 631,000). In the period from July to September a higher SCC (P < or = 0.01) was found than in the other months. In herds of more than 15 cows, higher SCC values (P < or = 0.05) were observed than in the smaller herds. The following management and technological factors significantly decreased SCC: a 7-8-week dry period (versus shorter period), foremilking with the use of a forestripper, practicing manual udder massage before milking, individual rationing of feeds according to production, and the application of MgO and beta-carotene additives to the feed ration.

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Mammary Gland Defense: The Role of Colostrum, Milk and Involution Secretion

Cited by 10 publications

References 105 publications

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Influences of somatic cell count on milk composition and dairy farm profitability

Factors Affecting Somatic Cell Count in Cow Bulk Tank Milk – A Case Study from Poland

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