Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Inching Toward Understanding

Li, Hong; Cunha, Cristina W.; Taus, Naomi S.; Knowles, Donald P.

doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114156

Cited by 69 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…122 Establishment of OvHV-2-free flocks is possible in locations like petting zoos. 60 Unfortunately, there is no personal incentive for owners of commercial flocks to create and maintain OvHV-2-free flocks. A recurrent issue is the introduction of flocks onto land adjacent to bison, resulting in heavy continuing losses with no legal or regulatory recourse for owners.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever, With an Emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2

O’Toole

2014

Vet Pathol

125

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The enigmatic pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) involves dysregulated immune responses in susceptible ruminant species. Economically important outbreaks of MCF are due to 2 of the 10 viruses currently comprising the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Attempts to develop effective vaccines for this group of viruses in the 1970s were sufficiently discouraging that they were temporarily abandoned. This review focuses on recent efforts to understand the pathogenesis of MCF, particularly the sheep-associated form of the disease, with the goal of developing rational control methods, including vaccination. The past 2 decades have seen several advances, including recognition of new members of the MCF virus group, better diagnostic assays, induction of disease by a natural route (aerosol), and clearer understanding of OvHV-2's shedding patterns by domestic sheep. A consistent theme in experimental studies of OvHV-2 in susceptible species is that there are 2 peaks of OvHV-2 gene expression: a preclinical peak involving the respiratory tract and a second in multiple organ systems leading to clinical disease. Latent and lytic gene expression may coexist in tissues during clinical stages in symptomatic animals.Keywords bison, cattle, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine herpesvirus 2, sheep, virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, vasculitisIn 1997, we were approached by a bison producer who lost multiple adult animals to malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). 132As is often the case, the producer's questions were pragmatic and dealt with the likely source of infection, how the outbreak might be stopped, and whether effective treatment or vaccination was possible. At that time, our group had worked on MCF for several years, relying in part on case material from natural outbreaks of MCF in domestic cattle. 92,93 Diagnosticians and researchers were the beneficiaries of new diagnostic assays to confirm infection in live animals. 4,70 Unfortunately, the news for the producer was bad. The source of infection was probably domestic sheep, but the distance over which transmission was likely to occur was unknown. The producer reported that no sheep were in the immediate vicinity of her herd. Little was known about how sheep shed the virus or the duration of shedding. Since MCF was of modest interest to the cattle industry, funding for basic studies was constrained. No effective treatment existed. In the wake of that owner's outbreak, it quickly became clear that MCF was of appreciable importance to the commercial bison industry in the United States and Canada. 7,94 The long history and intriguing nature of MCF (Table 1) were small solace to the Colorado producer in the absence of practical solutions from MCF researchers. A total of 27 bison died as a result of the outbreak. Three bison remaining in the herd were butchered. Efforts to raise bison on the property were temporarily abandoned.This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of sheep-...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever, With an Emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2

O’Toole

2014

Vet Pathol

125

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“…Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) is caused by members of subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, genus Macavirus [48]. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1), causes a serious clinical form of the disease in Africa and in zoological parks where susceptible hosts are in contact with wildebeest [49].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1), causes a serious clinical form of the disease in Africa and in zoological parks where susceptible hosts are in contact with wildebeest [49]. Circulation of AHV-1 in wildlife species in Africa has been reported frequently and the risk of inter-species transmission of AHV-1, especially between wildlife and domestic livestock, is well understood [48]. The clinical form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) due to Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) has been frequently reported in cattle and sheep in Iran [50, 51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and Serological Survey of Selected Viruses in Free-Ranging Wild Ruminants in Iran

et al. 2016

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A molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants was conducted in 13 different districts in Iran. Samples were collected from 64 small wild ruminants belonging to four different species including 25 Mouflon (Ovis orientalis), 22 wild goat (Capra aegagrus), nine Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii) and eight Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) during the national survey for wildlife diseases in Iran. Serum samples were evaluated using serologic antibody tests for Peste de petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Pestiviruses [Border Disease virus (BVD) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV)], Bluetongue virus (BTV), Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3). Sera were also ELISA tested for Pestivirus antigen. Tissue samples including spleen, liver, lung, tonsils, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and white blood cells (WBCs) were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PPRV, Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV), Pestivirus, BTV, Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) and BHV-1. Serologic tests were positive for antibodies against PPRV (17%), Pestiviruses (2%) and BTV (2%). No antibodies were detected for BHV-1 or PI3, and no Pestivirus antigen was detected. PCR results were positive for PPRV (7.8%), FMDV (11%), BTV (3%), OvHV-2 (31%) and BHV-1 (1.5%). None of the samples were positive for Pestiviruses.

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“…Veterinary gHV host entry Salivary and nasal shedding are well established for Ovine herpesvirus-2 and Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, which cause malignant catarrhal fever in domesticated ungulates [19]. Transmission occurs orally or nasally via contaminated grazing sites, and nebulized virus infects [20].…”

Section: The Problems Of Ghv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%