Male‐female differences in the earliest stages of drug involvement

Etten, Michelle L. Van; Neumark, Yehuda; Anthony, James C.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.949141312.x

Cited by 145 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Rates of drug addiction are higher in men, though rates are increasing in women (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2001). There is some evidence to suggest that sex differences in prevalence of use may be due to increased drug use opportunity in men compared to women (Van Etten et al, 1999). Our results suggest that women may have a greater biological vulnerability to become addicted to drugs, and that once addicted, may be more motivated than men to continue to use drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Sex Differences in the Behavioral Effects of 24-h/day Access to Cocaine under a Discrete Trial Procedure

Lynch

Taylor

2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

118

116

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Although more men than women are addicted to cocaine, it has been suggested that women may have an accelerated transition to addiction, and that once addicted they may be more vulnerable to relapse. Here we investigate the effects of extended access to cocaine under a 24-h/day discrete trial procedure on patterns of intake and subsequent motivation to use cocaine as assessed by responding under a progressive-ratio schedule in male and female rats. Rats were initially trained to self-administer cocaine (1.5 mg/kg/infusion) under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule until acquisition occurred, and then responding was assessed under a progressive schedule for three sessions. Subsequently, rats had 24-h access to intravenous cocaine infusions (1.5 mg/kg) that were available in discrete trials (4, 10 min trials/h) for 7 consecutive days. At 10 days after the last discrete trial session, responding was reassessed under a progressive-ratio schedule for three additional sessions to investigate changes in motivation to obtain cocaine. Prior to cocaine self-administration under the 24-h access discrete trial procedure, males and females did not differ on cocaine self-administration under the fixed-ratio or progressive-ratio schedules. However, sex differences emerged under the 24-h access discrete trial procedure with females self-administering higher levels of cocaine, for longer initial periods of time, and showing a greater disruption in the diurnal control over intake than did males. Additionally, following a 10-day forced abstinence period, females responded at higher levels under the progressive-ratio schedule to obtain cocaine infusions than did males. These findings suggest that extended access to cocaine under the discrete trial cocaine selfadministration procedure produces sex-dependent patterns of intake and sex-specific changes in motivation to obtain cocaine as measured by progressive-ratio responding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Sex Differences in the Behavioral Effects of 24-h/day Access to Cocaine under a Discrete Trial Procedure

Lynch

Taylor

2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

118

116

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“…Despite the attempts of explanation, based on the different opportunities of initiation the use of drugs between genders, 25 it is recognized that the bi-directional model is only valid for males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalência do consumo de drogas na FEBEM, Porto Alegre

Ferigolo

Barbosa

Arbo

et al. 2004

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Introduction: Different Brazilian and regional surveys detected a high prevalence of drugs use among children and adolescents, particularly among individuals under social risk conditions. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of drug use among institutionalized children and adolescents; to assess the degree of associated use of illicit drugs with alcohol and tobacco; and to determine which is the gateway drug to illicit drug use. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Fundação Estadual do Bem Estar do Menor, in Porto Alegre (FEBEM) Southern Brazil. A questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization to determine prevalence off drug use was answered anonymously by a population of literate minors who were in FEBEM because of delinquency or due to social risk. The analysis aimed to describe the frequency of use of each drug and relate it to gender, age of beginning, and reason of institutionalization. Results: A total of 382 participants answered the questionnaire. The substances most frequently used on an experimental basis were: alcohol (81,3%), tobacco (76,8%), marijuana (69,2%), cocaine (54,6%), inhalants (49,2%), anxiolytic drugs (13,4%), hallucinogens (8,4%), amphetamines (6,5%) and barbiturates (2,4%). Overall, around 80% of the respondents reported having used some illicit drug at least once in the past. Licit drugs, like alcohol and tobacco, were used mainly by males, while medicines were used mostly by females. Adolescents with delinquency records showed a significantly higher frequency of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and solvent use. The mean age of beginning was under 12 years for alcohol and tobacco use, under 13 years for marijuana and inhalants, and under 14 years for cocaine. Concomitant use of illicit and licit drugs was found to be high in this population. Conclusions: A high prevalence of precocious drug use was found among institutionalized children and adolescent, with alcohol and tobacco being used earlier than illicit drugs. Delinquent males were more likely to have used illicit drugs.Adolescents. Licit and illicit drugs. Substance abuse.Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência do uso de drogas entre crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados e avaliar o uso associado das substâncias lícitas, álcool e tabaco, com drogas ilícitas e verificar qual a droga de uso inicial para o consumo das substâncias psicoativas ilícitas. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal na Fundação Estadual do Bem-Estar do Menor do Rio Grande do Sul, na cidade de Porto Alegre. Um questionário elaborado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, anônimo, sobre o uso de drogas e sua quantificação, auto-aplicado em salas de aula, foi respondido pela população de crianças e adolescentes alfabetizados que cumpriam medidas sócio-educativas ou medidas protetivas. A análise visou descrever o uso de drogas entre os dois subgrupos levando em conta gêneros e idades de início de uso. Resultados: Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de 382 indivíduos. As substâncias mais experimentadas foram: álcool ...

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“…Women are less likely to be diagnosed with cocaine use disorders 1 and tend to initiate use of cocaine at an older age than do men. 2,3 Women dependent on cocaine express more craving when exposed to cocaine cues, 4,5 and experience a heightened vulnerability to the physical, psychiatric, and social consequences of substance use. 6 In light of the growing literature demonstrating discrete differences in the brains of men and women, neurobiological substrates may underlie the different clinical trajectories of men and women with addictive disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%