Male Bodily Responses during an Interaction with a Virtual Woman

Pan, Xueni; Gillies, Marco; Slater, Mel

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85483-8_9

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…The type of monitoring that the signallers are engaged in is inferred from their posture [17] -active monitoring is when the signaller is standing up or looking closely at monitors. Interaction -this is input into the signalling system, which is viewed either through setting routes on the NX panel or using the tracker ball on the VDU.…”

Section: Decision and Action Selection 1 Nonementioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Automation in Rail Signalling Operations

Sharples

Millen

Golightly

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F:

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Rail signalling in the UK has seen a move from mechanical lever frame boxes to entry and exit signalling, and on through to situating signallers within a visual display unit-based workstation environment. These developments have taken place in tandem with changes such as making the signallers more remote from their area of control and the introduction of automation. These changes have implications not only at a cognitive level for factors such as workload and situation awareness , but also at an organizational level, such as the shift away from traditional career progression, and the resulting implications for training and the development of expertise. Understanding the implications of the signalling interface and the design implementation of automation is critical in facilitating more effective performance, safety, and signaller well-being, as well as informing the design of future rail control systems. Bainbridge articulated a set of ironies of automation -unintended consequences of introducing automation that may not be beneficial to the overall system effectiveness. The work presented in this article uses a structured observation approach to examine behavioural indicators of the impact of automation, either as a successful tool to support signalling or as a source of some or all of the ironies noted by Bainbridge. The work was conducted over a period of 2 years, to investigate the effect of levels of automation on rail signallers' activity and workload as part of the EPSRC Rail Research UK B6 programme.

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Section: Decision and Action Selection 1 Nonementioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Automation in Rail Signalling Operations

Sharples

Millen

Golightly

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F:

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“…1 Men also modify their posture, hand movement, and head movements when they interact with a virtual female character. 2 Rossen et al 3 found that negative skin-tone biases toward people are transferred from the physical to the VR. In that study, reactions toward dark skin-tone virtual humans were predicted by biases toward AfricanAmericans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Empathy Toward Virtual Humans Depicting a Known or Unknown Person Expressing Pain

Bouchard

Bernier

Boivin

et al. 2013

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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This study is about pain expressed by virtual humans and empathy in users immersed in virtual reality. It focuses on whether people feel more empathy toward the pain of a virtual human when the virtual human is a realistic representation of a known individual, as opposed to an unknown person, and if social presence is related to users' empathy toward a virtual human's pain. The 42 participants were immersed in virtual reality using a large immersive cube with images retro projected on all six faces (CAVE-Like system) where they can interact in real time with virtual characters. The first immersion (baseline/control) was with a virtual animal, followed by immersions involving discussions with a known virtual human (i.e., the avatar of a person they were familiar with) or an unknown virtual human. During the verbal exchanges in virtual reality, the virtual humans expressed acute and very strong pain. The pain reactions were identical in terms of facial expressions, and verbal and nonverbal behaviors. The Conditions by Time interactions in the repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that participants were empathic toward both virtual humans, yet more empathic toward the known virtual human. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that participants' feeling of social presence--impression that the known virtual character is really there, with them--was a significant predictor of empathy.

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“…Results of earlier pilot experiments that used a similar set up, and which led to the current study can be found in [30], [31]. Here an attractive woman initiates contact with the male participant – with the conversation becoming increasingly personal over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socially Anxious and Confident Men Interact with a Forward Virtual Woman: An Experimental Study

et al. 2012

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Background Male volunteers entered an immersive virtual reality that depicted a party, where they were approached by a lone virtual woman who initiated a conversation. The goal was to study how socially anxious and socially confident men would react to this event. Interest focused on whether the socially anxious participants would exhibit sustained anxiety during the conversation or whether this would diminish over time, and differ from the responses of the more socially confident men. Methodology The scenario was a party with five virtual characters, four sitting at a distance from the participant and talking amongst themselves and one lone woman standing closer. The woman approached the participant, introduced herself and initiated a conversation that was first about mundane matters and then became more personal and intimate. Participants were men who were either relatively socially confident (18) or socially anxious in their relationships with women (18). A second experimental factor was whether or not the other four characters occasionally looked towards the participant. There was a post-trial questionnaire about social anxiety in relation to the experience, and skin conductance and ECG physiological measures were recorded. Our expectation was that the socially anxious participants would show greater anxiety throughout. Conclusions Compared to baseline readings both socially confident and socially anxious groups on average showed signs of significantly increased stress at the initial approach of the virtual woman. The stress then diminished once the conversation entered into the mundane phase and then did not significantly change. Comparing pre- and post-questionnaire anxiety scores there was no change for the more confident participants but a significant decrease in average score amongst the anxious group. The methodology of placing socially anxious participants in a virtual reality where they can gain experience of how to act in a stressful situation promises a novel way forward for treating social anxiety.

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Male Bodily Responses during an Interaction with a Virtual Woman

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

The Impact of Automation in Rail Signalling Operations

The Impact of Automation in Rail Signalling Operations

Empathy Toward Virtual Humans Depicting a Known or Unknown Person Expressing Pain

Socially Anxious and Confident Men Interact with a Forward Virtual Woman: An Experimental Study

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