Malaria in Farmed Ungulates: an Exciting New System for Comparative Parasitology

Perkins, Susan L.

doi:10.1128/msphere.00161-18

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Thus, it may come as a surprise that the main vector species of MBPs of vertebrates are still largely unknown, including most sylvatic vectors (transmitting among wild animals) of the better-studied pathogens [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. This is also the case for many MBP species of vertebrates [8,17,19,21,27]. Therefore, it is likely that the role of many mosquito species as vectors of known and unknown pathogens is yet to be discovered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: geographical patterns, range expansion and future disease emergence

Lehmann,

Kouam,

Woo

et al. 2023

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) threaten public health and food security globally. We provide the first biogeographic description of the African mosquito fauna (677 species) and the 151 mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs) they transmit. While mosquito species richness agrees with expectations based on Africa's land surface, African arboviruses and mammalian plasmodia are more speciose than expected. Species assemblages of mosquitoes and MBPs similarly separate sub-Saharan Africa from North Africa, and those in West and Central Africa from eastern and southern Africa. Similarities between mosquitoes and MBPs in diversity and range size suggest that mosquitoes are key in delimiting the range of MBPs. With approximately 25% endemicity, approximately 50% occupying one to three countries and less than 5% occupying greater than 25 countries, the ranges of mosquitoes and MBPs are surprisingly small, suggesting that most MBPs are transmitted by a single mosquito species. Exceptionally widespread mosquito species feed on people and livestock, and most are high-altitude-windborne migrants. Likewise, widespread MBPs are transmitted among people or livestock by widespread mosquitoes, suggesting that adapting to people or livestock and to widespread mosquito species promote range expansion in MBPs. Range size may predict range expansion and emergence risk. We highlight key knowledge gaps that impede prediction and mitigation of future emergence of local and global MBDs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: geographical patterns, range expansion and future disease emergence

Lehmann,

Kouam,

Woo

et al. 2023

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Despite being studied for over a century, the main vector species of MBPs of vertebrates remain largely unknown, including many sylvatic vectors (transmitting among wild animals) of the most well-studied pathogens (Karabatsos, 1985; Service, 2001; Njabo et al ., 2009; Diallo et al ., 2012; Perkins, 2014; Kyalo et al ., 2017; Villinger et al ., 2017; Nanfack Minkeu & Vernick, 2018; Weaver et al ., 2020; Wilkerson et al ., 2021). This is also the case for many MBP species of vertebrates (Karabatsos, 1985; Njabo et al ., 2009; Weaver et al ., 2012; Perkins, 2014, 2018). Therefore, it is most likely that the role of many mosquito species as vectors of known and unknown pathogens is yet to be discovered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: Geographical patterns and range expansion

Lehmann

Kouam

Woo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and Rift Valley fever threaten public health and food security globally. Despite their cohesive nature, they are typically treated as distinct entities. Applying biological system analysis to the African MBDs from a One Health perspective, we provide the first biogeographic description of the African mosquito fauna corresponding with the pathogens they transmit. After compiling records accumulated over a century, we find that there are 677 mosquito species in Africa, representing 16 genera, and 151 mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs) circulating primarily among wild tetrapods, dominated by viruses (95) and protozoans (47). We estimate that reported MBPs represent ~1% of the actual number. Unlike mosquitoes, African arboviruses and mammalian plasmodia represent a higher share of the World's total based on the area- species richness relationship (P<0.0001), explaining the disproportional large share of global MBPs that originated from Africa. Species richness of African mosquitoes and MBPs are similarly concentrated along the equator, peaking in central Africa, with a secondary ridge along eastern Africa. Moderate diversity and low endemicity in mosquitoes across the Sahel reveals a fauna with high propensity for long-range migration. Regional differences in species richness, endemicity, and composition agreed with country-based results. The composition of mosquitoes and MBPs separates sub-Saharan Africa from north Africa, in accordance with the Palearctic and Afrotropical faunal realms, and west and central Africa are clustered together distinctly from the cluster of eastern and southern Africa. With ~25% of the species occupying a single country, ~50% in 1-3 countries and <5% found in >25 countries, the typical ranges of both mosquitoes and MBPs are surprisingly small. The striking similarity in diversity and especially in range distributions of mosquitoes and MBPs suggest that most MBPs are transmitted by one or few narrow-range mosquito vectors. Exceptionally widespread mosquito species (e.g., Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and 10 Anopheles species) feed preferentially on people and domestic animals, and nearly half are windborne migrants. Likewise, exceptionally widespread MBPs are transmitted between people or domestic animals and are vectored by one or more of the aforementioned widespread mosquitoes. Our results suggest that few MBPs have undergone a dramatic range expansion, after adapting to people or domestic animals as well as to exceptionally-widespread mosquitoes. During the intermediate phase of range expansion, MBPs extend their vector and vertebrate host ranges with a concomitant gradual increase in geographical range. Because range size may serve as a marker of the phase of range expansion, ranking the African MBPs according to range, we identified several MBPs that pose elevated risk for disease emergence (e.g., Wesselsbron virus). Taken together, our database, approach, and results can help improve MBD surveillance and lead to a better understanding of disease emergence. This knowledge has the potential to improve capacity to prevent and mitigate new and emerging MBD threats.

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“…Although malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are known to infect a variety of vertebrate hosts, including ungulates and distributed globally, the clinical characterization of ungulate malaria infection has been limited [22]. Livestock such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats are ecologically and economically important species, and the most widely distributed ungulates in Iraq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary Study of Malaria infection (Plasmodium spp.) in Iraqi Livestock

Al-Badrani

Alabadi

2021

NIDOC-ASRT

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Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/ 12 M ALARIA in livestock (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat) was detected and diagnosed in Mosul, Iraq. A total of forty infected animals of local breeds, from different ages and both sexes, showed Plasmodium parasites in their blood smears. Ten animals of each species were selected. All animals were clinically examined. The identification of Plasmodium parasites was done by microscopy and PCR assay. Fever, pale mucous membranes, lymphadenitis, jaundice, and recumbences are more common clinical signs were associated with malaria infection in livestock. Trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocytes appeared morphologically resemble those of Plasmodium spp. of humans. Sporozoites, Oocyte, and Ookinets were observed in stained blood smears of some cows, sheep, and goats. A high degree of parasitemia and erythrocytes infected with two or more trophozoites were seen. Trophozoites were seen more visible in the peripheral blood smears stained with the direct Acridine Orange and wet mount preparations in comparison to the traditional Giemsa, and Leishman stains method. The presence of hemozoin crystals was diagnostic of malaria parasites. Plasmodium DNA was detected from all samples. We need further studies to genotype Plasmodium spp. in livestock and to understand the prevalence of malaria parasites in animals of Iraq.

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Malaria in Farmed Ungulates: an Exciting New System for Comparative Parasitology

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: geographical patterns, range expansion and future disease emergence

The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: geographical patterns, range expansion and future disease emergence

The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: Geographical patterns and range expansion

A preliminary Study of Malaria infection (Plasmodium spp.) in Iraqi Livestock

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