Malaria epidemiology and comparative reliability of diagnostic tools in Bannu; an endemic malaria focus in south of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Jahan, Fatima; Khan, Nazma Habib; Wahid, Sobia; Ullah, Zaki; Kausar, Aisha; Ali, Nizar Bel Hadj

doi:10.1080/20477724.2019.1595904

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The results of an individual study demonstrated that 18 studies in total 19 , 21 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 34 – 36 , 40 – 43 , 46 – 51 had identical results for RDT and microscopy. Six studies 19 , 30 , 31 , 35 , 40 , 47 gave identical results for RDT type 3 and microscopy. Two studies 41 , 51 gave identical results for RDT type 2 and microscopy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Among the 28 articles included in the present study, 3 reported mixed infections by RDT type 2 (pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase) and microscopy 27 , 41 , 51 , 13 by RDT type 3 (pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH) and microscopy 19 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 3 by type 4 (Pf-LDH/pan-pLDH) and microscopy 34 , 36 , 51 , 1 by RDT type 5 (Pf/Pv-pLDH) 46 , and 9 by RDT type 6 (pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH) 21 , 26 , 36 , 42 , 43 , 46 , 48 – 50 . Among 27 articles included in the present study, 1 reported mixed infections by RDT type 2 and PCR 32 , 5 on RDTs type 3 and PCR 21 , 28 , 33 , 43 , 45 and 5 by RDT type 6 and PCR 21 , 26 , 29 , 37 , 43 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. 35 Jahan et al, 2019 Pakistan (2013) Febrile patients (2,033) 359 320 39 Thick and thin blood films First response Malaria Ag, pLDH/HRP2 Combo Card test kit (Premier Medical Corporation Ltd.) pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH 3 266 22 39 a Nested PCR (18S rRNA) 95 95 0 16. Ref.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study did not report the type of RDT used in their study 39 . Six studies used more than one RDT type/brand in their studies 21 , 26 , 27 , 35 , 36 , 43 . Four studies 28 , 33 , 36 , 44 reported mixed infections by RDT, but no mixed infections were reported by microscopy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Summary of discordant results between rapid diagnosis tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting Plasmodium mixed infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kotepui

Milanez

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used to detect malaria parasites among patients who suspected malaria infections in malaria-endemic areas where microscopy is unavailable. Nevertheless, little is known about the performance of RDTs in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the discordant results between RDTs and microscopy/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. The PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically reviewed to identify related studies that reported the performance of RDTs in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections . Studies were grouped according to the different RDT types including RDT type 2 (pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase), RDT type 3 (pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH), RDT type 4 (Pf-LDH/pan-pLDH), RDT type 5 (Pf/Pv-pLDH), and RDT type 6 (pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH) for subgroup analysis. The estimates of the different proportions in each analysis group that were visually summarized in a forest plot showed the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Plots were drawn using RevMan (version 5.3; Cochrane Community). Twenty-eight studies were included in the present study. Overall, the meta-analysis showed that RDTs could detect a significantly higher proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than microscopy (p = 0.0007, OR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.66–6.68). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that only RDTs targeting Pf-specific histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)/pan-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) could detect a significantly higher proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than microscopy (p = 0.004, OR = 8.46, 95% CI 2.75–26.1). The subgroup analysis between RDTs and PCR methods demonstrated that RDTs targeting Pf-specific HRP2/Pv-specific LDH could detect a significantly lower proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than PCR methods (p = 0.0005, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.26–0.68). This is the first study to summarize the discordant results between RDTs and microscopy/PCR in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. Malaria RDTs targeting Pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH could detect a higher proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than microscopy, while RDTs targeting Pf-HRP2/Pv-specific LDH could detect a lower proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than PCR methods. The results of this study will support the selection and careful interpretations of RDTs for a better diagnosis of Plasmodium mixed-species infections and appropriate treatment of malaria patients in endemic and non-endemic settings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Summary of discordant results between rapid diagnosis tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting Plasmodium mixed infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kotepui

Milanez

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The latest WHO report projected nearly 700,000 malaria cases in Pakistan in 2019 [ 4 ]. A recent study in the highly endemic Bannu District in Pakistan examined blood smears of 2033 individuals suspected of malaria infection and reported 429 (21.1%) malaria-positive cases by at least one diagnostic test (microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, RDT or PCR) [ 75 ]. The positivity by PCR, microscopy and RDT was 30.5%, 17.7% and 16.4%, respectively.…”

Section: Epidemiological Data From Countries Of Origin For Importementioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and the Epidemiology of Malaria in the Middle East Region and Beyond

2021

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Vector-borne parasitic infectious diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne parasitic infection and is caused by five Plasmodium species, namely P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. Epidemiologically, differences in the patterns of malaria cases, causative agent, disease severity, antimicrobial resistance, and mortality exist across diverse geographical regions. The world witnessed 229 million malaria cases which resulted in 409,000 deaths in 2019 alone. Although malaria cases are reported from 87 countries globally, Africa bears the brunt of these infections and deaths as nearly 94% of total malaria cases and deaths occur in this continent, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the Middle East Region countries are malaria-free as no indigenous cases of infection have been described in recent years. However, imported cases of malaria continue to occur as some of these countries. Indeed, the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have large expatriate population originating from malaria endemic countries. In this review, the current status and epidemiology of malaria in the Middle East Region countries and other malaria-endemic countries that are home to a large migrant workforce being employed in Middle East Region countries are discussed.

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Rapid diagnostic tests forPlasmodium vivaxmalaria in endemic countries

Agarwal

Choi

Johnson

et al. 2020

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Plasmodium vivax ( P vivax ) is a focus of malaria elimination. It is important because P vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection are co‐endemic in some areas. There are asymptomatic carriers of P vivax, and the treatment for P vivax and Plasmodium ovale malaria differs from that used in other types of malaria. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) will help distinguish P vivax from other malaria species to help treatment and elimination. There are RDTs available that detect P vivax parasitaemia through the detection of P vivax‐ specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) antigens. Objectives To assess the diagnostic accuracy of RDTs for detecting P vivax malaria infection in people living in malaria‐endemic areas who present to ambulatory healthcare facilities with symptoms suggestive of malaria; and to identify which types and brands of commercial tests best detect P vivax malaria. Search methods We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases up to 30 July 2019: Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (OVID); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI‐EXPANDED) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐Science (CPCI‐S), both in the Web of Science. Selection criteria Studies comparing RDTs with a reference standard (microscopy or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) in blood samples from patients attending ambulatory health facilities with symptoms suggestive of malaria in P vivax ‐endemic areas. Data collection and analysis For each included study, two review authors independently extracted data using a pre‐piloted data extraction form. The methodological quality of the studies were assessed using a tailored Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 (QUADAS‐2) tool. We grouped studies according to commercial brand of the RDT and performed meta‐analysis when appropriate. The results given by the index tests were based on the antibody affinity (referred to as the strength of the bond between an antibody and an antigen) and avidity (referred to as the strength of the overall bond between a multivalent antibody and multiple antigens). All analyses were stratified by the type of reference standard. The bivariate model was used to estimate the pooled sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), this model was simplified when studies were few. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results We included 10 studies that ...

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Malaria epidemiology and comparative reliability of diagnostic tools in Bannu; an endemic malaria focus in south of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cited by 9 publications

References 83 publications

Summary of discordant results between rapid diagnosis tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting Plasmodium mixed infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary of discordant results between rapid diagnosis tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting Plasmodium mixed infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Current Status and the Epidemiology of Malaria in the Middle East Region and Beyond

Rapid diagnostic tests forPlasmodium vivaxmalaria in endemic countries

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