Rapid diagnostic tests for<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>malaria in endemic countries

Agarwal, Ridhi; Choi, Leslie; Johnson, Samuel; Takwoingi, Yemisi

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013218.pub2

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The pLDH is the primary target analyte for P. vivax diagnosis with RDTs. 35 With the emergence of hrp2/hrp3 gene deletions in P. falciparum infections leading to false negative RDT results, pLDH is increasingly a key biomarker for RDTbased diagnosis of malaria. 36,37 It is important to understand the reactivity of different Plasmodium species to the different pLDH assays used in RDTs-namely P. falciparum pLDH, P. vivax pLDH, and PanLDH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Characteristics of Lactate Dehydrogenase on a Multiplex Assay for Malaria Detection Including the Zoonotic Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Barney¹,

Velasco²,

Cooper

et al. 2022

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) is a common target in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). These commercial antibody capture assays target either Plasmodium falciparum–specific pLDH (PfLDH), P. vivax–specific pLDH (PvLDH), or a conserved epitope in all human malaria pLDH (PanLDH). However, there are no assays specifically targeting P. ovale, P. malariae or zoonotic parasites such as P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi. A malaria multiplex array, carrying the specific antibody spots for PfLDH, PvLDH, and PanLDH has been previously developed. This study aimed to assess potential cross-reactivity between pLDH from various Plasmodium species and this array. We tested recombinant pLDH proteins, clinical samples for P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale curtisi, and P. malariae; and in vitro cultured P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi. P. ovale-specific pLDH (PoLDH) and P. malariae-specific pLDH (PmLDH) cross-reacted with the PfLDH and PanLDH spots. Plasmodium Knowlesi-specific pLDH (PkLDH) and P. cynomolgi-specific pLDH (PcLDH) cross-reacted with the PvLDH spot, but only PkLDH was recognized by the PanLDH spot. Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae can be differentiated from P. falciparum by the concentration ratios of PanLDH/PfLDH, which had mean (range) values of 4.56 (4.07–5.16) and 4.56 (3.43–6.54), respectively, whereas P. falciparum had a lower ratio of 1.12 (0.56–2.61). Plasmodium knowlesi had a similar PanLDH/PvLDH ratio value, with P. vivax having a mean value of 2.24 (1.37–2.79). The cross-reactivity pattern of pLDH can be a useful predictor to differentiate certain Plasmodium species. Cross-reactivity of the pLDH bands in RDTs requires further investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Characteristics of Lactate Dehydrogenase on a Multiplex Assay for Malaria Detection Including the Zoonotic Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Barney¹,

Velasco²,

Cooper

et al. 2022

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…According to the National Plan to Combat Malaria (PNCM), the kit used for the diagnosis of P. vivax (S.D.-BIOLINE MALARIA AG Pf) has 98.2% sensitivity and 99.3% specificity. These values are close to the CareStart Malaria Pf / Pv Combo kit (99% and 99%) and have greater sensitivity than the Falcivax Device Rapid kit (77%), while specificity remains close (99%) (Agarwal et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Analysis of malaria clinical−epidemiological predictors in individuals from Brazilian Amazon

et al. 2021

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This research aims to determine whether the combination of epidemiological and clinical features can predict malaria. Diagnostic investigation detected 22.3% of individuals with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria, with significant predominance of the male gender. The malaria triad (fever, chills and headache) had a more expressive frequency (81.1%) in individuals with positive thick blood than those with negative thick blood smear (65.1%), although there was no statistical significance. Among the variables analysed as predictive for positive thick blood smear, it was observed that personal history of travel to an endemic malaria area and past malaria infection (PMI) were significantly associated with malaria, even in multiple logistic regression. Fever had the higher sensitivity (94.6%) and past malaria history had the greater specificity (68.2%), with accuracy of 23.5% and 67.5%, respectively. In combined analysis, fever with chills had the highest sensitivity (91.9%), but low accuracy (38.5%). High specificity (91.5%) was found in the association of malaria triad, PMI and history of travel to endemic malaria area (which along with anorexia, was higher 94.6%), with good accuracy (80.7%), suggesting that the screening of patients for performing thick blood smear can be based on these data. The epidemiological features and the malaria triad (fever, chills and headache) can be predictors for identification of malaria patients, concurring to precocious diagnosis and immediate treatment of individuals with malaria.

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“…Specific training is required, as misidentification of the infecting species is fairly common [59,61]. RDTs are a fast, affordable and efficient method for malaria diagnosis with a LOD of ~200 parasites/μl, but the sensitivity varies among brands [62]. The tropism of P. vivax for reticulocytes can result in parasite densities much lower than the LODs of the conventional diagnostic methods.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination ofPlasmodium vivaxMalaria: Problems and Solutions

Brashear¹,

Menezes²,

Adams³

2021

Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination

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Malaria is caused by multiple parasitic species of the genus Plasmodium. Although P. falciparum accounts for the highest mortality, P. vivax is the most geographically dispersed and the most common species outside of Africa. Several unique biological features make P. vivax less responsive to conventional control measures and allow it to persist even after elimination of P. falciparum. The ability of P. vivax to develop in diverse vectors at lower ambient temperatures bestows it a greater distribution range and resilience to ecological changes. Its tropism for reticulocytes often causes low-density infections below the levels detectable by routine diagnostic tests, demanding the development of more sensitive diagnostics. P. vivax produces gametocytes early enabling transmission before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, thus emphasizing the need for an integrated vector control strategy. More importantly, its dormant liver stage which engenders relapse is difficult to diagnose and treat. The deployment of available treatments for the liver hypnozoites, including primaquine and the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved tafenoquine, requires point-of-care diagnostics to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among endemic human populations. Here we review the continued challenges to effectively control P. vivax and explore integrated technologies and targeted strategies for the elimination of vivax malaria.

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Rapid diagnostic tests forPlasmodium vivaxmalaria in endemic countries

Cited by 19 publications

References 104 publications

Diagnostic Characteristics of Lactate Dehydrogenase on a Multiplex Assay for Malaria Detection Including the Zoonotic Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Diagnostic Characteristics of Lactate Dehydrogenase on a Multiplex Assay for Malaria Detection Including the Zoonotic Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Analysis of malaria clinical−epidemiological predictors in individuals from Brazilian Amazon

Elimination ofPlasmodium vivaxMalaria: Problems and Solutions

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