Making the best use of capacitive current: Comparison between fixed and moving granular bioanodes

Borsje, Casper; Sleutels, Tom; Zhang, W.; Feng, Wei; Buisman, Cees J.N.; Heijne, Annemiek ter

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229453

Cited by 9 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…For the fixed capacitive bioanodes, activated carbon felt, cloth, veil, and a packed bed of granules have been used. Fluidized capacitive bioanodes (see next section) have thus far only used activated carbon granules [87,88,96,[104][105][106][107][108]. Table 1.2 shows material properties of some activated carbon materials commonly used in BESs.…”

Section: Capacitive Bioanodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To be able to use large amounts of activated carbon granules, and thus a large specific surface area of electrode surface, as capacitive bioanodes, fluidized bed bioanode reactors have been developed [96,[104][105][106][107][108]114,127,196,197,203]. The granules function as charge carrier as well as biofilm carrier, and are discharged at a current collector to produce a continuous current [108]. These granules are fluidized to make intermittent contact with a current collector, by stirring [104,196], liquid [105,106,114,127,196,197,203] and gas [96,107,108].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The granules function as charge carrier as well as biofilm carrier, and are discharged at a current collector to produce a continuous current [108]. These granules are fluidized to make intermittent contact with a current collector, by stirring [104,196], liquid [105,106,114,127,196,197,203] and gas [96,107,108]. The reactors make use of intermittent charge storage of the capacitive bioanode granules by using the large ratio of external surface area per volume of granules for the biofilm to produce charge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current produced in these types of reactors, however, is still several orders of magnitudes lower (257 A/m 3 granules ) [107] than the maximum current that could be achieved when a single granule is used as bioanode (76.8×10 3 A/m 3 granule ) [87]. In a moving bed reactor, the granules move as a moving granular bed through an internal discharge cell, using a gas lift to fluidize and transport the granules back to the top of the reactor [107,108,113]. To increase the volumetric current from this moving capacitive bed, a better understanding of the discharging process of the granules is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discharge rate is determined by the potential difference between the charged granules and current collector [88,107,108]. Both the capacitance and the resistance over the granular bed affect the potential difference between the granules and current collector [204,205].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moving bed capacitive bioanodes

Borsje¹

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Chapter 1 1.1. Wastewater treatment technology for removal of organic material Environmental challengeIn modern society, municipalities and industry produce significant volumes of wastewater. Globally, on average 95 m 3 wastewater is produced per capita per year, with in Europe 124 m 3 /capita/year and North America at 231 m 3 /capita/year: a global total of 380×10 9 m 3 per year (2015 data) [1]. Wastewater contains a mixture of several pollutants, such as dissolved organics, and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, with differing effects on the environment and ecosystems. In nature, the dissolved organics are degraded by aerobic bacteria, resulting in the deoxygenation of the water. This is especially problematic for wastewater discharged into surface waters, which host important ecosystems that rely on oxygen in the water. Nitrogen and phosphorus discharge can result in eutrophication, which in turn leads to reduced biodiversity and possible toxicity due to proliferation of certain algae species [2,3]. At the end of the 19 th century, wastewater treatment -rather than disposal -became more important as these consequences became clear [4]. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were constructed, connecting in 78% of the population in the EU to primary and secondary treatment (EU-28, status in 2017) [5]. The wastewater treatment process consists of several steps, including but not limited to: primary treatment for the removal of (suspended) solids, secondary for removal of organics, and tertiary for removal of nutrients, minerals, metals, inorganics, taste, color, odor and pathogens [6]. Traditionally, aerobic treatment has been used to remove these organics, but the recovery of energy contained in the organics, has become a goal in itself: firstly, to make the WWTPs less energy intensive and more self-sustainable and secondly to export the energy for use in society. Aerobic treatment and recovery of the energy from organics in wastewater using anaerobic digestion processes and bioelectrochemical systems will be discussed in the following paragraphs [7,8]. Aerobic treatmentAerobic treatment utilizes oxygen for the oxidation of dissolved organics by aerobic bacteria in the controlled environment of WWTPs. Traditional treatment uses large ponds to flow the wastewater through. Oxygen is forced into the water stream at various points in the pools, and the required oxygen is consumed by the growing bacteria while degrading the organic material. The aerobic biomass is collectively called activated sludge. The aeration requires significant amounts of energy. In the last decade, the aeration step consumed between 0.1 and 0.6 kWh/m 3 wastewater in various WWTPs around the world, depending, among others, on climate, size, technology, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen requirements of influent and effluent [7]. For typical wastewater, 0.5 kgCOD/m 3 [9], the aerobic energy costs are 0.2 to 1.2 kWh/kg COD. The growth of aerobic microorganisms results in a large volume of sludge in suspension in the wastewater stre...

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Section: Capacitive Bioanodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moving bed capacitive bioanodes

Borsje¹

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How Comparable are Microbial Electrochemical Systems around the Globe? An Electrochemical and Microbiological Cross‐Laboratory Study

Santoro

Babanova²,

Cristiani

et al. 2021

ChemSusChem

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In memory of Dr. Alessandra ColomboA cross-laboratory study on microbial fuel cells (MFC) which involved different institutions around the world is presented. The study aims to assess the development of autochthone microbial pools enriched from domestic wastewater, cultivated in identical single-chamber MFCs, operated in the same way, thereby approaching the idea of developing common standards for MFCs. The MFCs are inoculated with domestic wastewater in different geographic locations. The acclimation stage and, consequently, the startup time are longer or shorter depending on the inoculum, but all MFCs reach similar maximum power outputs (55 � 22 μW cm À 2 ) and COD removal efficiencies (87 � 9 %), despite the diversity of the bacterial communities. It is inferred that the MFC performance starts when the syntrophic interaction of fermentative and electrogenic bacteria stabilizes under anaerobic conditions at the anode. The generated power is mostly limited by electrolytic conductivity, electrode overpotentials, and an unbalanced external resistance. The enriched microbial consortia, although composed of different bacterial groups, share similar functions both on the anode and the cathode of the different MFCs, resulting in similar electrochemical output.

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