Making Plans: Representation and Intention

Hoch, Charles

doi:10.1177/1473095207075148

Cited by 48 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…This has been particularly true in the field of evaluation (Khakee, 2003). If this gap is to be bridged, it is necessary to develop new techniques that can bring planning practice closer to the recommendations of much post-positivist research literature (Hoch, 2007;Rydin, 2007). This paper advances a technique for achieving this, the IGA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…If planning practices that are basically positivist are to be transformed to conform to communicative-deliberative ideals, they need to assist in setting the agenda for such deliberations (Buckly, 1988;Hoch, 2007Hoch, , 2009Owens et al, 2004). The Jerusalem District case study shows that a systemic, qualitative, multi-dimensional approach (the IGA) can identify a set of questions and issues that should be deliberated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Issue Generating Assessment: Bridging the Gap Between Evaluation Theory and Practice?

Feitelson¹

2011

Planning Theory & Practice

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To bridge the gap between post-modernist planning theory and largely modernist planning practice it is necessary that post-modernist ideas are made practical. The gap between theory and practice is particularly evident in plan evaluation. This paper advances a systemic qualitative approach (the issue generating assessment) for evaluating planning alternatives in city and regional plans. The purpose of the IGA is to identify the main issues that should be deliberated, rather than to choose among the alternatives. An application of this approach in the Jerusalem District shows that while this approach is readily applicable, it will not lead to more meaningful deliberations in the absence of a suitable institutional context and planning culture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Issue Generating Assessment: Bridging the Gap Between Evaluation Theory and Practice?

Feitelson¹

2011

Planning Theory & Practice

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“…As Bratman (1987) and other AI researchers have argued, the making and remaking of plans does not happen on a tabula rasa. Hoch (2007) argued that previous dialogues, intentions, and plans crucially frame new plans and realize actions in urban development, just as others have argued in AI. We argue that plans do not just represent a future state of the world, as conventional urban planning would have it.…”

Section: Representation For Reasoning With Plansmentioning

confidence: 95%

Intentional actions, plans, and information systems

Kaza¹,

Hopkins

2012

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

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If urban development plans were just target patterns to be achieved, conventional data structures in Geographic information systems (GIS) would be sufficient. Urban development plans have a strong spatial component, but recent literature in planning emphasizes that plans are about actions and relationships among them. These relationships include interdependence, substitutability, priority, and parthood. In order to support planning, GIScience should devise data structures and queries to support reasoning with these relationships. This article shows how relationships encoded within each of a set of plans, using a recently developed data model, can be used to infer the relationships of actions among these plans. Simple databases and use cases based on real situations in McHenry County, Illinois are used to demonstrate that these relationships can be encoded and queried. The results demonstrate that previously discovered semantic relationships can be used to discover additional relationships across plans, thereby enriching the decision making. The approach provides a systematic way of structuring the information in plans to support making and using plans. IntroductionConventional geographic information systems (GIS) cannot support reasoning with plans: How does an action affect previous actions, actions of others, and actions that come after? How can we embed a decision to commit to a particular action in the reasoning already embedded in plans? How can we use the information available at the time of action, including the information in plans, to decide what to do? How can we reason efficiently, but still imperfectly and incompletely, using any information made newly salient by our particular focus of attention? Recently articulated conceptions of plans in GIS and GIScience (e.g. Couclelis 2009), artificial intelligence (AI) (e.g. Pollack and Horty 1999), and urban development (e.g. Hopkins 2001) converge in suggesting that spatial representation is insufficient and that substitutability with respect to intentions and effects and interdependence among actions are crucial relationships that need to be captured in information systems supporting planning. By representing these actions only as spatial entities, we lose the underlying logic that binds these actions together. This article is an attempt to augment spatial reasoning with plan-based reasoning in response to the challenge from Couclelis (1991).

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“…Van Assche (2007) warned about the "modernist" tendency to produce "context-insensitive" plans. Hoch (2007) also recognized the importance of the context, and criticized the adoption of a priori planning styles:…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, the planning process is being given more attention in planning research and practice. The process is becoming a goal in itself, a "meeting point", and not only a means to elaborate a plan (Hoch, 2007). Spatial planning professionals have to deal with this complexity, although they often form closed networks in which a particular perception of reality dominates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Regional Planning in the Catalan Pyrenees: Strategies to Deal with Actors' Expectations, Perceived Uncertainties and Conflicts

Domingo

Beunen

2013

European Planning Studies

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Drawing on three case studies in the Catalan Pyrenees (Spain), this paper shows how interactions between planners and stakeholders influence expectations, uncertainties and conflicts during the planning process. Therewith, it provides further understanding of performance of regional planning beyond the formality of plans and policies. The case studies illustrate how planners' actions can either generate uncertainty, conflicts and frustration, or common understanding, agreements and positive expectations. With these insights, planners can be more conscious about the effects of their communicative strategies on the multiple perceptions of the planning process. Planners need to deal with interpretations of other actors, and they have to be aware of others' expectations and uncertainties. The positive effect of interactions has limitations because of the unavoidable existence of different perceptions and interests concerning a plan. Nevertheless, planners can generate even greater conflicts themselves if the perceptions from other stakeholders are ignored.

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Making Plans: Representation and Intention

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

Issue Generating Assessment: Bridging the Gap Between Evaluation Theory and Practice?

Issue Generating Assessment: Bridging the Gap Between Evaluation Theory and Practice?

Intentional actions, plans, and information systems

Regional Planning in the Catalan Pyrenees: Strategies to Deal with Actors' Expectations, Perceived Uncertainties and Conflicts

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