Making Gender Visible in Election Violence: Strategies for Data Collection

Bjarnegård, Elin

doi:10.1017/s1743923x18000624

Cited by 34 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For example, social media forms a space for threats and intimidation during election periods (Muchlinski et al, 2019). Additionally, studies on the gendered impacts of electoral violence show how female voters and candidates often face violence in the private space of their home, away from the public limelight (Bardall, 2011;Bjarnegård, 2018). Furthering insights into these dimensions would serve to question conventional assumptions about where electoral violence manifests itself and the means through which electoral ends are achieved.…”

Section: Looking Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electoral violence: An introduction

Birch

Daxecker

Höglund

2020

Journal of Peace Research

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Elections are held in nearly all countries in the contemporary world. Yet despite their aim of allowing for peaceful transfers of power, elections held outside of consolidated democracies are often accompanied by substantial violence. This special issue introduction article establishes electoral violence as a subtype of political violence with distinct analytical and empirical dynamics. We highlight how electoral violence is distinct from other types of organized violence, but also how it is qualitatively different from nonviolent electoral manipulation. The article then surveys what we have learned about the causes and consequences of electoral violence, identifies important research gaps in the literature, and proceeds to discuss the articles included in the special issue. The contributions advance research in four domains: the micro-level targeting and consequences of electoral violence, the institutional foundations of electoral violence, the conditions leading to high-stakes elections, and electoral violence in the context of other forms of organized violence. The individual articles are methodologically and geographically diverse, encompassing ethnography, survey vignette and list experiments and survey data, quantitative analyses of subnational and crossnational event data, and spanning Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

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Section: Looking Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electoral violence: An introduction

Birch

Daxecker

Höglund

2020

Journal of Peace Research

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“…Violence against women in politics thus entails violations of both electoral and personal integrity (Bjarnegård 2018). It stems from misogyny, a system that polices and enforces patriarchal norms and expectations.…”

Section: Violence Against Women In Politicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians

Krook¹,

Sanín²

2019

Perspect. polit.

129

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Violence against women in politics is increasingly recognized around the world as a significant barrier to women’s political participation, following a troubling rise in reports of assault, intimidation, and abuse directed at female politicians. Yet conceptual ambiguities remain as to the exact contours of this phenomenon. In this article, we seek to strengthen its theoretical, empirical, and methodological foundations. We propose that the presence of bias against women in political roles—originating in structural violence, employing cultural violence, and resulting in symbolic violence—distinguishes this phenomenon from other forms of political violence. We identify five types of violence against women in politics—physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and semiotic—and three methodological challenges related to underreporting, comparing men’s and women’s experiences, and intersectionality. Inspired by the literature on hate crimes, we develop an empirical approach for identifying cases of violence against women in politics, offering six criteria to ascertain whether an attack was potentially motivated by gender bias. We apply this framework to analyze three cases: the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, and the murder of Jo Cox. We conclude with the negative implications of violence against women in politics and point to emerging solutions around the globe.

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“…In Myanmar, efforts to intimidate political candidates targeted men and women in gendered ways. Perpetrators took advantage of widespread Islamophobia and Burmese nationalism to accuse men candidates of having connections to Muslims and thus being terrorists, whereas women were portrayed as having loose morals (Bjarnegård, 2018). In Bosnia, over 20 years after the civil war, recalling violence made women less politically engaged than men (Hadzic and Tavits, 2019).…”

Section: The Traditional Political Violence Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For those resisting progressive social change, women's political participation could be seen as one outrage too many (Piscopo and Walsh, 2020). For those seeking easy targets, women appear as weaker and thus more vulnerable (Bjarnegård, 2018). Political violence that is gendered in motive, form, or both may increase when discontented individuals feel pushed to violence.…”

Section: Assessing Motives Forms and Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts

2019

Self Cite

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How is political violence gendered? We connect the traditional political violence literature’s emphasis on categorizing attacks to the gender and politics literature’s analysis of the barriers to women’s political participation. Our framework separates gendered political violence into three elements. Gendered motives appear when perpetrators use violence to preserve hegemonic men’s control of politics. Gendered forms emphasize how gender roles and tropes differentially shape men’s and women’s experiences of violence. Gendered impacts capture the subjective meaning-making processes that occur as different audiences react to political violence. This approach offers researchers and policymakers greater analytic precision regarding how political violence is gendered.

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Making Gender Visible in Election Violence: Strategies for Data Collection

Cited by 34 publications

References 8 publications

Electoral violence: An introduction

Electoral violence: An introduction

The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians

How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts

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