Major losses of fat, carbohydrates and energy content of preterm human milk frozen at −80°C

Abstract

Freezing at -80 °C significantly decreases the energy content of HM, both from fat and carbohydrates. Since quantitatively the decrease in macronutrients was much higher than that published for HM storage at -20 °C, our results do not support freezing HM at -80 °C as the gold standard for long-term storage. We suggest that caloric intake calculations in preterm infants cannot be established based upon fresh HM data.

The effect of maternal habitus on macronutrient content of human milk colostrum

“…Samples of 2 to 3 ml were then homogenized by the MIRIS milk sonicator (Miris, Uppsala, Sweden) using an ultrasonic technique, as recommended by the manufacturer. They were then analyzed using the Human Milk Analyzer from Miris, an instrument based on mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy, [13][14][15] which provides results with repeatability values of o0.05%. 16 …”

Human Milk Macronutrients Content: Effect of Advanced Maternal Age

“…Samples of 1-3 mL were then homogenized by the Miris (Uppsala, Sweden) milk refresher using an ultrasonic technique, as recommended by the manufacturer. They were then analyzed using the Miris milk analyzer, an instrument based on infrared transmission spectroscopy, 13,14 which provides results with repeatability values of <0.05%. 14…”

Safe management of expressed breast milk: A systematic review

“…The impact of storage temperature and duration of the nutritional quality of EBM was examined in six articles. 37,41,[45][46][47][48] The oxidative status as well as the lipid/ fatty acid composition of EBM did not seem to be negatively affected by a mean temperature of 6.8 8C when stored up to 96 h. 47 Further, probiotic lactic acid bacteria were also not negatively affected in a study with identical conditions. 37 Silvestre and colleagues investigated the effects of storage between À20 8C and À80 8C on malondialdehyde concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity.…”

“…The authors recommended that EBM should not be stored long-term at À80 8C. 45 In a separate study, two months of deep freezer storage at À80 8C also appeared to have the impact of reducing antioxidants and increasing the oxidation status of EBM. 48 Storage at À80 8C for 2 months was not recommended by the authors.…”