Major ion chemistry of groundwater in a river basin: a study from India

Rao, N. Subba; Rao, P. Surya

doi:10.1007/s12665-009-0389-6

Cited by 72 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To assess the functional sources of dissolved chemical constituents, such as precipitationdominance, rock-dominance and evaporation dominance, Gibbs diagrams are widely employed (Gibbs 1970;Subba Rao 2006;Gupta et al 2008;Subba Rao and Surya Rao 2009). It represents the ratios of Na + /(Na + + Ca 2+ ) and Cl − /(Cl − + HCO − 3 ) as a function of TDS.…”

Section: Mechanism Controlling Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geochemical processes, occurring within the groundwater and their reactions with the aquifer materials, are responsible for changes in groundwater chemistry (Drever 1988;Hem 1991;Wen et al 2008;Subba Rao and Surya Rao 2009). Geochemical studies of groundwater provide a better understanding of possible changes in quality as development progress (Sreedevi 2004;Jalali 2006;Nagaraju et al 2006;Subba Rao 2006;Gupta et al 2008Gupta et al , 2009Bhardwaj et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater of a fast growing city of Central India

Marghade¹,

Malpe

Zade³

2011

Environ Monit Assess

148

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Nagpur City located in semiarid area of central India is a fast-growing industrial centre. In recent years, rapid development has created an increased demand for drinking water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. The present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater to understand geochemical evolution of groundwater and water quality for promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. A total of 47 water samples were collected from shallow aquifer of selected parts of the city and the water chemistry of various ions viz. Ca(2 +), Mg(2 +), Na(+), K(+), CO(3)(2-), HCO(3)(-), Cl(-), SO(4)(2-) and NO(3)(-) are carried out. The chemical relationships in Piper diagram identify Ca-HCO(3)-Cl and mixed Ca-Na-HCO(3)-Cl as most prevalent water types. Alkaline earth exceeds alkalis and weak acids exceed strong acids. Ionic ratios and Gibb's diagram suggest that silicate rock weathering and anthropogenic activities are the main processes that determine the ionic composition in the study area. The nitrate appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded highest nitrate concentration, i.e., 411 mg/l in one of the dug well. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking water quality standards revealed that about half of the shallow aquifer samples are not suitable for drinking.

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Section: Mechanism Controlling Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater of a fast growing city of Central India

Marghade¹,

Malpe

Zade³

2011

Environ Monit Assess

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The low (Na + +K + )/Tz + ratio which is 0.44 in per-monsoon and 0.52 in post-monsoon confirms that contribution of cation may be derived from silicate weathered as proposed by Datta and Tyagi (1996). The plots of Na + +K + vs Cl − +SO 4 2− (Supplemental Figure 3a, b) further prove that Na + +K + are added to solution by dissolution of silicate minerals and soil salts as these cation and anions have increased simultaneously confirming the common source for these ions (Sarin et al 1989;Rao and Rao 2009). If bicarbonate and sulfate ions are dominant than calcium and magnesium, that means silicate weathering is dominant (Elango et al 2003).…”

Section: Hydrogeochemical Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…2a, b). This theory is also applied by Rao and Rao (2009) in their study on groundwater chemistry of a river basin in India in deducing sources of ionic concentration and evolution processes involved in the basin. Effect of groundwater pollution is high in shallow phreatic aquifer as the pollutants are dissipating laterally and their concentration is decreasing progressively from middle of industrial cluster.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significant change in Ca 2+ /Na + content among the samples of two seasons explicits the assumption that ionic imbalance could be due to point source pollution resulting in modification in the operative mechanism of aquifer chemistry (Supplemental Table 2a and 2b). Seasonal ionic concentration of groundwater is greatly influenced by the recharge process with reference to topographical features, lithological characteristics, and anthropogenic activities (Rao and Rao 2009). Low mean SO 4 2− -Cl − (milliequivalents per liter) ratio (1:3.28 in pre-monsoon and 1:2.74 in post-monsoon) suggests that sulfate is being depleted, possibly by sulfate reduction (Lavitt et al 1997;Datta and Tyagi 1996).…”

Section: Hydrogeochemical Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogeochemical characterization of contaminated groundwater in Patancheru industrial area, southern India

Reddy

Saibaba

Sudarshan

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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The groundwater is one of the most contaminated natural resources in Patancheru industrial area due to unplanned and haphazard industrial growth and urbanization without following basic pollution control norms. The rapid industrialization initiated in early 1970 has started showing up its after effects few years later in the form of physiochemical contamination of the both surface and groundwater bodies of the area. It has resulted in local people being deprived of safe drinking water, plant and aquatic life has severely affected, and situation is deteriorating over the years in the area in spite of some preventive and remedial measures being initiated. The focus of the present study is to understand the chemical characteristics of groundwater and geochemical processes the contaminant water is undergoing which are normally imprinted in its ionic assemblages. The water samples collected in pre- and post-monsoon seasons from forty two groundwater and four surface water sources were analyzed for major constituents such as Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), CO (3) (-) , HCO (3) (-) , Cl(-), SO (4) (2-) , NO (3) (-) , and F(-), and selected samples were tested for ten important trace metals like Fe, Pb, Bi, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd. Na(+) among cations and Cl(-) among anions dominate the water in both the seasons where as Ca(2+), HCO (3) (-) , and Cl(-) show significant reduction in their ionic strength in post-monsoon. The groundwater in general is of mixed type, but most of it belong to Na(+)-Cl(-), Na(+)-HCO (3) (-) , Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-HCO (3) (-) , and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-Cl(-) facies. The Na(+) and Ca(2+) are in the transitional state with Na(+) replacing Ca(2+) and HCO (3) (-) -Cl(-) due to physiochemical changes in the aquifer system. The evaluation of hydrochemistry through various ionic indices, ratios, and plots suggest that silicate-carbonate weathering, ion exchange, dissolution, and evaporation processes are responsible for origin of the present chemical status of the groundwater which is also controlled by the contamination from extraneous sources that could have accelerated the dissolution processes. Gibbs plots authenticate that the evolution of water chemistry is influenced by interaction of percolating water with aquifer matrix apart from anthropogenic enrichment of elements which get over concentrated due to evaporation.

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PIG: a numerical index for dissemination of groundwater contamination zones

Rao

2012

Hydrological Processes

Self Cite

120

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A pollution index of groundwater (PIG) is proposed for quantification of water contamination. PIG quantifies the status of concentrations of water quality measures with respect to their drinking water quality standards. The validity of the proposed index is verified by choosing the data of groundwater quality of the Varaha River Basin (Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India) as a case study. The computed index from the study area varies from 0.83 to 2.55. The index disseminates the area into zones of insignificant (PIG <1.0), low (PIG: 1.0 to 1.5), moderate (PIG: 1.5 to 2.0), high (PIG 2.0 to 2.5) and very high (PIG >2.5) pollution. Insignificant pollution zone is observed from the upstream area, where the groundwater is dominated by HCO À 3 , and very high pollution zone from the downstream area, where the groundwater is associated with Cl À . This indicates that the quality of groundwater in the study area is mainly influenced by the source of geogenic origin, but it is subsequently modified by the effects of anthropogenic and marine sources. Geochemical ratios (Na + : Cl À , HCO À 3 : Cl À , Na + : Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ : Ca 2+ ) also form the quantitative basis of the index. The present study paves the way to implement appropriate management strategies at a specific site to circumvent the pollution. As the classification of the pollution zones with PIG depends upon the drinking water quality standards, it becomes a universal assessment tool for groundwater contamination at any test area.

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Major ion chemistry of groundwater in a river basin: a study from India

Cited by 72 publications

References 49 publications

Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater of a fast growing city of Central India

Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater of a fast growing city of Central India

Hydrogeochemical characterization of contaminated groundwater in Patancheru industrial area, southern India

PIG: a numerical index for dissemination of groundwater contamination zones

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