Major earthquake at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Lake Vättern, southern Sweden

Jakobsson, Martin; Björck, Svante; OʹRegan, Matt; Flodén, Tom; Greenwood, Sarah L.; Swärd, Henrik; Lif, A.; Ampel, Linda; Koyi, Hemin; Skelton, Alasdair

doi:10.1130/g35499.1

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It is missing from some central parts of the trough between Visingsö and Gränna (see also Jakobsson et al . ). At the drill site this unit correlates with core units U2 and U1, which are interpreted to be postglacial (Yoldia Sea) clays and Holocene gyttja clay.…”

Section: Results and Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Multiple re‐advances of a Lake Vättern outlet glacier during Fennoscandian Ice Sheet retreat, south‐central Sweden

Greenwood

O’Regan

Swärd

et al. 2015

Boreas

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Lake Vättern represents a critical region geographically and dynamically in the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The outlet glacier that occupied the basin and its behaviour during ice‐sheet retreat were key to the development and drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake, dammed just west of the basin, yet its geometry, extent, thickness, margin dynamics, timing and sensitivity to regional retreat forcing are rather poorly known. The submerged sediment archives of Lake Vättern represent a missing component of the regional Swedish deglaciation history. Newly collected geophysical data, including high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry of the lake floor and seismic reflection profiles of southern Lake Vättern, are used here together with a unique 74‐m sediment record recently acquired by drill coring, and with onshore LiDAR‐based geomorphological analysis, to investigate the deglacial environments and dynamics in the basin and its terrestrial environs. Five stratigraphical units comprise a thick subglacial package attributed to the last glacial period (and probably earlier), and an overlying >120‐m deglacial sequence. Three distinct retreat–re‐advance episodes occurred in southern Lake Vättern between the initial deglaciation and the Younger Dryas. In the most recent of these, ice overrode proglacial lake sediments and re‐advanced from north of Visingsö to the southern reaches of the lake, where ice up to 400 m thick encroached on land in a lobate fashion, moulding crag‐and‐tail lineations and depositing till above earlier glacifluvial sediments. This event precedes the Younger Dryas, which our data reveal was probably restricted to north‐central sectors of the basin. These dynamics, and their position within the regional retreat chronology, indicate a highly active ice margin during deglaciation, with retreat rates on average 175 m a−1. The pronounced topography of the Vättern basin and its deep proglacial‐dammed lake are likely to have encouraged the dynamic behaviour of this major Fennoscandian outlet glacier.

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Section: Results and Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Linear scour marks resulting from bottom currents are prevalent in many parts of the lake, and particularly around the island of Visingsö (above) where sub‐bottom profile data also show that S1 is missing in parts (see Jakobsson et al . ) because of the erosional (or, at least, nondepositional) lake bottom environment.…”

Section: Results and Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple re‐advances of a Lake Vättern outlet glacier during Fennoscandian Ice Sheet retreat, south‐central Sweden

Greenwood

O’Regan

Swärd

et al. 2015

Boreas

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“…In Fennoscandia, fault offsets of up to 30m are found and are mostly located in the Lapland Province (northern Sweden/Finland/Norway [e.g., Kujansuu , ; Lagerbäck , ; Olesen , ; Muir‐Wood , ; Munier and Fenton , ]). In addition to GIFs in northern Sweden, indications for these faults are also found in northern Germany and southern and central Sweden [ Brandes et al , ; Jakobsson et al , ; Smith et al , ]. It is assumed that these faults are reactivated complex fault zones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and fault parameters affecting fault slip magnitude and activation time during a glacial cycle

Steffen

et al. 2014

Tectonics

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The growing and melting of continental ice sheets during a glacial cycle is accompanied by stress changes and reactivation of faults. To better understand the relationship between stress changes, fault activation time, fault parameters, and fault slip magnitude, a new physics‐based two‐dimensional numerical model is used. In this study, tectonic background stress magnitudes and fault parameters are tested as well as the angle of the fault and the fault locations relative to the ice sheet. Our results show that fault slip magnitude for all faults is mainly affected by the coefficient of friction within the crust and along the fault and also by the depth of the fault tip and angle of the fault. Within a compressional stress regime, we find that steeply dipping faults (∼75°) can be activated after glacial unloading, and fault activity continues thereafter. Furthermore, our results indicate that low‐angle faults (dipping at 30°) may slip up to 63m, equivalent to an earthquake with a minimum moment magnitude of 7.0. Finally, our results imply that the crust beneath formerly glaciated regions was close to a critically stressed state, in order to enable activation of faults by small changes in stress during a glacial cycle.

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“…Recent observations suggest that, for example, Lainio-Suijavaara PGF in northern Sweden and Palojärvi PGF in northern Finland may be linked together (Sutinen et al, 2014b). In addition, new faults have been described in middle Sweden -so-called Bolnäs fault (Smith et al, 2014) and Lake Vättern fault in southern Sweden (Jakobsson et al, 2014). These observations suggest that PGFs may be more extensive features than previously recognized.…”

Section: Paleoseismicitymentioning

confidence: 93%

Maskevarri Ráhppát in Finnmark, northern Norway – is it an earthquake-induced landform complex?

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The Sami word ráhppát means rough bouldery/stony terrain with sharp-relief topography in Finnmark, northern Norway. Ráhppát is a common name in the region of the Younger Dryas landforms, yet the origin of ráhppát has remained obscure. The timing of the Younger Dryas is concomitant with the maximum neotectonic fault instability in Fennoscandia. Hence, earthquake activity may have been one of the contributing factors for the Younger Dryas morphologies. Ráhppát on the Maskevarri fell, classified as a part of Tromsø-Lyngen sub-stage of the Younger Dryas, was studied by means of geomorphology and measurements of electrical-sedimentary anisotropy. Ráhppát was found to be built up of an anastomosing network of stony eskerlike ridges and mounds bordered with arch-shaped and sinusoidal ridges. These bordering ridges exhibit sedimentary (azimuthal soil electrical conductivity) anisotropy parallelto-ridge trends and were interconnected to meltwater gullies suggesting generation through short-lived conduit infills. We did not find electrical-sedimentary evidence to support the concept of englacial thrusting and/or compression, often described for Younger Dryas moraines. Maskevarri Ráhppát is typified by ∼ 500 ponds and small lakes on three different elevations descending in an up-ice direction. These may have generated through late glacial earthquake(s) also contributing to subglacial deformation of Maskevarri Ráhppát.

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Major earthquake at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Lake Vättern, southern Sweden

Cited by 46 publications

References 21 publications

Multiple re‐advances of a Lake Vättern outlet glacier during Fennoscandian Ice Sheet retreat, south‐central Sweden

Multiple re‐advances of a Lake Vättern outlet glacier during Fennoscandian Ice Sheet retreat, south‐central Sweden

Stress and fault parameters affecting fault slip magnitude and activation time during a glacial cycle

Maskevarri Ráhppát in Finnmark, northern Norway – is it an earthquake-induced landform complex?

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