Major dietary patterns in relation to demographic and socio-economic status and food insecurity in two Iranian ethnic groups living in Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Objective: To identify major dietary patterns and their association with socioeconomic status (SES) and food insecurity in two major ethnic groups living in Urmia, north-west Iran. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: All four geographical zones of Urmia city. Subjects: Participants (n 723; 427 women and 296 men), aged 20-64 years, from two ethnic groups (445 Azeri Turks and 278 Kurds). Results: Three major dietary patterns were extracted: 'Traditional High SES' (THS), 'Traditional Low SES' (TLS) and 'Transitional'. After adjusting for confounders, the THS pattern was positively associated with education level and negatively associated with moderate or severe food insecurity in Azeri Turks; whereas, among Kurds, it was more common in women and positively associated with age. The TLS pattern was more common among men and negatively associated with educational level and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more common among men, positively associated with being married and negatively associated with household income/capita. The 'Transitional' pattern was positively associated with being employed and negatively associated with age and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more common among men and negatively associated with age, being married and physical activity level. Conclusions: Findings suggest that household SES and food insecurity are associated with detrimental dietary patterns and that this effect may be stronger than cultural and ethnic background. These patterns differ by age and gender. Therefore, such characteristics should be considered in planning and formulating diet-related policies and programmes.

Healthy diet: a step toward a sustainable diet by reducing water footprint

“…This study uses secondary data on the usual food intake of a sample from Urmia, capital city of the West Azerbaijan province in Iran. 4,17,18 The sample size of the project was 723 (427 women and 296 men), aged 20-64 years. The procedures for sample selection and data collection are presented elsewhere.…”

Maternal dietary diversity and Nutritional adequacy in relation with anthropometric measurements of newborns at birth: a cohort study in Tehran city

“…Data on maternal demographic (age, marital status, pre-marital familial relationship with spouse, number of family members, religion, ethnicity, and nationality), socioeconomic status (education, employment status, household income) were collected by a valid questionnaire (31). Other variables included physical activity assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire validated for Iranians (IPAQ) (32), general health status assessed by validated GHQ-28 questionnaire (33).…”

Padrões alimentares de mulheres em idade reprodutiva: realidade na Zona da Mata nordestina

“…O número de fatores a extrair foi definido observando os resultados referentes à variância total explicada e também pelo gráfico de Cattel vida saudável (alimentação saudável e prática de exercícios físicos), elas não necessariamente incorporam essas prática no seu dia a dia. 36 No presente estudo, verificou-se ainda que mulheres que apresentavam insegurança alimentar e nutricional moderada e grave tinham menor probabilidade de consumir mais alimentos do Padrão alimentar I, o que corrobora os resultados encontrados por Rezazadeh et al 41 e Ntwenya et al, 42 na Tanzânia e Irã, respectivamente. Os autores demonstraram que os agregados familiares com insegurança alimentar tiveram maior probabilidade de consumir menos alimentos como peixe, vegetais, raízes e tubérculos, em comparação com os agregados familiares com segurança alimentar.…”

“…Os autores demonstraram que os agregados familiares com insegurança alimentar tiveram maior probabilidade de consumir menos alimentos como peixe, vegetais, raízes e tubérculos, em comparação com os agregados familiares com segurança alimentar. 41 Além disso, os mesmos ressaltaram que a insegurança alimentar pode estar associada a padrões alimentares mais prejudiciais à saúde, sendo influenciada pelo sexo, idade e estação do ano. 41,42 Essas informações foram alarmantes, tendo em vista que há aumento do risco de adoecimento, por não se garantir a segurança alimentar e nutricional das famílias.…”