Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination

Milgen, Jaap van; Bernier, Jacques; Lecozler, Y.; Dubois, Serge; Noblet, Jean

doi:10.1079/bjn19980089

Cited by 97 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…A numerical decrease in fasting HP was even noted, which illustrates the important changes in the physiology and metabolism due to IC. Higher body fatness (van Milgen et al, 1998) and changed hormonal status after IC (castrate v. male, Labussière et al, 2013) have both been associated with decreased basal metabolic rate. In the present study, there was also no effect of IC/growth on total thermic effect of feeding (as % ME).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of high dietary fat content on heat production and lipid and protein deposition in growing immunocastrated male pigs

Batorek-Lukač

Dubois

Noblet

et al. 2016

animal

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In immunocastrated (IC) pigs, revaccination (V2) increases lipid deposition (LD) because of increased voluntary feed intake; but little is known on associated effect of diet composition on partitioning of nutrients in IC pigs. Digestibility measurements, N and energy balances in respiration chambers were performed in two subsequent stages in four replicates of two male littermates to determine the changes between 85 (stage 1) and 135 (stage 2) kg live weight due to combined effect of IC, growth and increased feed intake (IC/growth). During stage 1, pigs received a standard low-fat diet (LF diet; 2.5% dry matter (DM) of fat fed at 2.27 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW 0.60 per day), whereas during stage 2, feed intake was increased to 2.47 MJ ME/kg BW 0.60 per day and one littermate was fed LF diet whereas the second received a fat-enriched diet (HF diet; 8.9% DM of fat) to determine the effect of increased dietary fat content on energy utilization in IC pigs. Results from N balance and measurements of gas exchanges were used to calculate respiratory quotient (RQ), heat production (HP), nutrient contribution to fat retention, components of HP, protein deposition (PD) and LD. Nutrients and energy apparent digestibility coefficients, methane losses and N retention ( P < 0.05) increased with IC/growth. Despite higher ME intake, total HP remained similar (1365 kJ/kg of BW 0.60 per day; P = 0.47) with IC/growth. Consequently, total retained energy (RE) increased with IC/growth (from 916 to 1078 kJ/kg of BW 0.60 per day; P < 0.01) with a higher fat retention (625 to 807 kJ/kg BW 0.60 per day; P < 0.01), originating mainly from carbohydrates associated with a higher lipogenesis (536 to 746 kJ/kg BW 0.60 per day; P < 0.01) and RQ (1.095 to 1.145; P < 0.01). Both PD (from 178 to 217 g/day; P = 0.02) and LD (from 227 to 384 g/day; P < 0.01) increased due to IC/growth. Feeding HF diet after IC was associated with increased crude fat digestibility (P < 0.01) and increased RE as fat (807 to 914 kJ/kg BW 0.60 per day; P = 0.03), originating mainly from dietary fat ( P < 0.01) and resulting in increased LD (384 to 435 g/day; P < 0.01) and lower RQ (from 1.145 to 1.073; P < 0.01). Altogether, present results indicate that increased fatness of IC pigs is a result of increased daily LD caused by higher energy intake and lower basal metabolic rate. In addition, LD is further enhanced by dietary energy enrichment with fat after V2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of high dietary fat content on heat production and lipid and protein deposition in growing immunocastrated male pigs

Batorek-Lukač

Dubois

Noblet

et al. 2016

animal

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“…Nevertheless, in spite of this equal energy supply, the LR 3 LW pigs had consistently a greater rate of growth than IB pigs, as a result of comparatively increased protein deposition and efficiency of the nitrogen absorbed. As genotype differences in energy requirements for maintenance may be substantial (van Milgen et al, 1998;Noblet et al, 1999;Nieto et al, 2002;Barea et al, 2007), dietary energy available for production is expected to be greater in the obese genotype. It is well known that a low dietary CP supply may limit protein deposition (Campbell and Taverner, 1988;Rivera-Ferre et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous back-fat adipose tissue in growing Iberian and Landrace × Large White pigs

Barea

Isabel

Nieto

et al. 2013

Animal

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The lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile in pig tissues are strongly influenced by genotype and nutrient supply, with implications in meat quality. The de novo lipid synthesis and pattern of FA unsaturation could be an important cause of variation in the overall efficiency of energy utilization among breeds. To test the effects of pig genotype and CP supply on the evolution of back-fat tissue FA profile throughout the growing and finishing stages, 32 Iberian (IB) and Landrace 3 Large White (LR 3 LW) barrows were offered one of two diets differing in CP content (13% or 17% as fed). A pair-fed procedure (0.8 3 ad libitum intake of IB pigs) was used. Subcutaneous fat samples were taken at the dorso-lumbar region at ,38, 50, 65, 90 and 115 kg BW. Higher proportions of total monounsaturated FA (MUFA; P , 0.01) and lower proportions of total saturated FA (SFA; P , 0.01 to 0.05) were found in the outer back-fat layer of pigs both at 50 and 115 kg BW. Pig genotype affected the FA composition of both subcutaneous back-fat layers. The proportions of C18:0 and SFA in fat tissue were higher in IB than in LR 3 LW pigs from 38 to 65 kg BW, especially in the outer layer. In addition, MUFA contents were higher in IB pigs at 115 kg BW in both layers (15% on average; P , 0.01). Increased proportions of C18:2 n-6 and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were found in LR 3 LW pigs, irrespective of the stage of growth and back-fat layer (P<0.02). At 50 kg BW, pigs receiving the high-protein diet presented the highest C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3 and PUFA contents. A significant genotype 3 CP content interaction was observed for C18:3 n-3 because of the increased concentration of this FA in LR 3 LW pigs when offered the 17% CP diet (P , 0.05). Higher C16:0 and SFA contents (15%; P 5 0.03) were found in pigs offered the 13% CP diet and slaughtered at 115 kg BW. There was a genotype 3 CP interaction for MUFA concentration because of the higher MUFA content observed in IB pigs offered the highest protein content diet (P 5 0.03). Our results suggest that genetic variation in de novo lipid synthesis and pattern of FA unsaturation might contribute to explain differences in back-fat FA profile of IB and LR 3 LW pigs under identical nutritional management. They could be also relevant to explain the low efficiency of nutrient and energy utilization in the IB pig.

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“…Brown-Brandl et al (2000) and Collin et al (2001a) showed a reduction of fasting heat production (FHP) under hot conditions in temperature-acclimated pigs. According to Koong et al (1982) and van Milgen et al (1998), this reduced FHP is generally explained by an indirect effect of reduced feed intake on viscera mass. At the end of our work, pigs were slaughtered and we measured a reduction of the relative weight of viscera when the temperature increased above 248C (Renaudeau et al, unpublished results).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of temperature level on thermal acclimation in Large White growing pigs

Renaudeau

Kerdoncuff

Anais³

et al. 2008

Animal

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The effect of temperature level (248C, 288C, 328C or 368C) on performance and thermoregulatory response in growing pigs during acclimation to high ambient temperature was studied on a total of 96 Large White barrows. Pigs were exposed to 248C for 10 days (days 210 to 21, P0) and thereafter to a constant temperature of 248C, 288C, 328C or 368C for 20 days. Pigs were housed in individual metal slatted pens, allowing a separate collection of faeces and urine and given ad libitum access to feed. Rectal (RT) and cutaneous (CT) temperatures and respiration rate (RR) were measured three times daily (0700, 1200 and 1800 h) every 2 to 3 days during the experiment. From day 1 to 20, the effect of temperature on average daily feed intake (ADFI) and BW gain (average daily gain, ADG) was curvilinear. The decrease of ADFI averaged 90 g/day per 8C between 248C and 328C and 128 g/day per 8C between 328C and 368C. The corresponding values for ADG were 50 and 72 g/day per 8C, respectively. The 20 days exposure to the experimental temperature was divided in two sub-periods (P1 and P2, from day 1 to 10 and from day 11 to 20, respectively). ADFI was not affected by duration of high-temperature exposure (i.e. P2 v. P1). The ADG was not influenced by the duration of exposure at 248C and 288C groups. However, ADG was higher at P2 than at P1 and this effect was temperature dependent (1130 and 1458 g/day at 328C and 368C, respectively). In P2 at 368C, dry matter digestibility significantly increased (12.1%, P , 0.01); however, there was no effect of either duration or temperature on the digestibility of dry matter at group 248C and 328C. RT, CT and RR were measured three times daily (0700, 1200 and 1800 h) every 2 to 3 days during the experiment. Between 288C and 368C, RT and CT were lower during P2 than during P1 (20.208C and 20.238C; P , 0.05), whereas RR response was not affected by the duration of exposure whatever the temperature level. In conclusion, this study suggests that the effect of elevated temperatures on performance and thermoregulatory responses is dependent on the magnitude and the duration of heat stress.

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Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination

Cited by 97 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of high dietary fat content on heat production and lipid and protein deposition in growing immunocastrated male pigs

Effect of high dietary fat content on heat production and lipid and protein deposition in growing immunocastrated male pigs

Evolution of the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous back-fat adipose tissue in growing Iberian and Landrace × Large White pigs

Effect of temperature level on thermal acclimation in Large White growing pigs

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