“…1980;Paykel, 1982). More recently, a broader range of influences has been considered, including severe adversity, such as parental mental illness and substance abuse, violence in the family and physical and sexual abuse of children (Hallstrom, 1987;Holmes & Robins, 1988;Mullen et al 1988;Kessler & Magee, 1993;Mathew et al 1993) and less extreme and even acceptable parental behaviour and disciplinary practices (Raskin et al 1971;Jacobson et al 1975;Perris et al 1986;Holmes & Robins, 1988). This shift in focus from traumatic events to enduring circumstances brought about a reevaluation of mechanisms involved in the observed associations between disorder, in child-hood or adulthood, and specific events such as parental divorce or death.…”