Major Central Nervous System Malformations Notified in Northern Ireland 1964–1968

Elwood, Jannette

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1972.tb03316.x

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As discussed previously (Elwood 1972), the completeness of ascertainment for CNS malformations by this system in Northern Ireland, compared with independent surveys, seems to be quite good. The figures for hydrocephalus are probably the least satisfactory because of diagnositc problems and its frequent occurrence together with spina bifida.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Tests for linear trend show that the decline in the frequency of anencephalus in Northern Ireland is significant over the 10 years examined, but the variations in spina bifida and hydrocephalus are not. However, these observations may represent part of a long-term cycle in incidence, as has been observed in Birmingham (Leck 1974) and in Belfast and Dublin (Elwood 1976) in the past years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The present analysis confirms the area differences in the incidence of CNS malformations in Northern Ireland, as has been reported in South Wales (Roberts and Lloyd 1973) and also the existence of urban/rural gradients in the case of anencephalus and hydrocephalus, but not spina bifida. Belfast has had consistently high frequencies of anencephalus since 1950 (Elwood 1970) and the spina bifida rate has been equally high from 1964 onwards, when relevant community data were first available. An important finding, not apparent until now, is the decline in the notifications for all three defects in Northern Ireland since 1964.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mortality attributed to anencephalus (stillbirths and infant deaths), based on the Registrars-General returns, shows a definite decline in Scotland and a minimal fall in England and Wales over the period 1963 to 1970, while the death rates from spina bifida remain almost static (Elwood 1976). These variations are not identical for male and female births, and Rogers and Morris (1973) found a marked fall in the female incidence of anencephalus in England and Wales and Scotland since 1965.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous paper in this journal (Elwood 1972), I described certain aspects of major CNS malformations notified in Northern Ireland from 1964 to 1968. The aim of this present communication is to report the more recent data on CNS malformations in Northern Ireland notified during the period from 1st January 1969 to 31st December 1973, to make some comparisons with the first quinquenniumparticularly in relation to secular trends in incidence-and finally to consider certain aspects of the occurrence of spina bifida in this part of the United Kingdom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major Central Nervous System Malformations Notified in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1973

Elwood¹

1976

Develop Med Child Neuro

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SUMMARY In Northern Ireland, during the years 1969 to 1973, there were 485 notifications of anencephalus, 525 of spina bifida and 328 of hydrocephalus in a population of 157,725 (live and still) births. The data were based on the voluntary notification system for congenital malformations which has been operating in Northern Ireland and in England and Wales since 1964. The malformation rates per 1000 (live and still) births were 3middot;1 for anencephalus, 3middot;3 for spina bifida and 2middot;1 for hydrocephalus. Secular trends in these data indicate a decrease in the incidence of all three major central nervous system malformations, but this is significant only in relation to anencephalus. Spina bifida was more common in female births than in male births, and 79 per cent of affected infants were liveborn. Indirect evidence suggests that some 40 per cent of the total number of live and stillborn infants having spina bifida at birth will survive to one year of age. RÉSUMÉ Malformations majeures du système nerveux central notifié en Irelande du Nord, 1969–1973 En Irlande du Nord, durant les années 1969–1973, il a été notifié 485 cas d'anencéphalies, 525 de spina bifida et 328 d'hydrocéphalies sur un total de 157.725 naissances (nés vivants ou morts). Ces données sont basées sur le système volontaire de notification pour malformations congénitales qui a fonctionné en Irlande du Nord, Angleterre et Pays de Galles depuis 1964. Le taux de malformations pour mille (naissances vivants et morts‐nés) a été de 3,1 pour l'anencéphalie, 3,3 pour le spina bifida et 2,1 pour l'hydrocéphalie. Les comparaisons séculaires de ces données indiquent un abaissement de la fréquence de ces trois malformations majeures du système nerveux mais significative seulement pour l'anencéphalie. Le spina bifida était plus commun chez les filles que chez les garçons et 79 pour cent de ces nouveaux‐nés étaient vivants; des indications indirectes suggèrent que parmi le nombre total des nourrissons (nés vivants ou morts) avec un spina bifida à la naissance, quelques 40 pour cent survivent à l'âge d'un an. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Gröβere Miβbildungen des ZNS beobachtet in Nord Irland von 1969 bis 1973 In den Jahren von 1969 bis 1973 wurden in Nord Irland 485 Patienten mit Anencephalus, 525 mit Spina bifida und 328 mit Hydrocephalus bei einer Population von 157.755 (lebend und tot) Geborenen beobachtet. Die Daten basieren auf einem freiwilligen Meldesystem für angeborene Miβbildungen, das seit 1964 in Nord Irland, England und Wales besteht. Die Miβbildungsrate auf 1000 (lebend und tot) Geborene war 3middot;1 für Anencephalus, 3middot;3 für Spina bifidaund 2middot;1 für Hydrocephalus. Sekulare Tendenzendieser Daten zeigen, daß die Häufigkeit aller drei größeren Hirnmißbildungen abnimmt. Signifikant ist dies jedoch nur beim Anencephalus. Spina bifida trat häufiger bei weiblichen Neugeborenen auf und 79 Prozent dieser Kinder waren lebend geboren. Es gibt einen indirekten Hinweis dafür, daß von der Gesamtzahl der (lebend und tot) Geborenen mit Spina bifida etwa...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major Central Nervous System Malformations Notified in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1973

Elwood¹

1976

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Epidemiology of congenital hydrocephalus in Utah, 1940–1979: Report of an iatrogenically related “epidemic”

Blackburn

Fineman

1994

Am. J. Med. Genet.

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As part of an epidemiological study of congenital hydrocephalus in Utah, we focused on the effect of ascertainment sources and temporal variability to further delineate the causes of this relatively common, handicapping birth defect. The incidence and distribution of 934 reported cases diagnosed prior to age 6 months, and born to Utah residents from 1940 to 1979, were analyzed. Data were ascertained by examination of multiple sources, e.g., 982,066 birth, 11,161 fetal death, and 248,208 death certificates, and selected hospital and clinic records. Of the 934 reported cases, 700 met our selection criteria for congenital hydrocephalus, which results in a crude incidence of 0.70 per 1,000 live and stillbirths. Seventy-one cases (10.1%) had additional, multiple congenital anomalies. The male/female sex ratios of the 619 cases of isolated congenital hydrocephalus (occurring as a single entity or in the absence of other reported or known birth defects) and those with multiple congenital anomalies (71 cases) were virtually identical, being 1.45 and 1.48, respectively. A significant 85% increase in the rate of reported cases was observed for the period 1966 to 1970. However, examination of patients' records from 1966 to 1975 in the hospital responsible for almost all of this increase suggests that this was an iatrogenically related "epidemic" caused by several factors: the introduction and possible misinterpretation of pneumoencephalograms (PEG) in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus (PEG was replaced by CAT scanning in the early 1970s), inappropriate diagnosis, and incorrect recording of age at time of diagnosis.

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Antenatal detection of fetal structural, defects with ultrasound

Morgan¹,

Haney²,

Christakos³

et al. 1975

J of Clinical Ultrasound

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Major Central Nervous System Malformations Notified in Northern Ireland 1964–1968

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Major Central Nervous System Malformations Notified in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1973

Major Central Nervous System Malformations Notified in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1973

Epidemiology of congenital hydrocephalus in Utah, 1940–1979: Report of an iatrogenically related “epidemic”

Antenatal detection of fetal structural, defects with ultrasound

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