Major and trace element geochemistry of tourmalines from Archean orogenic gold deposits: Proxies for the origin of gold mineralizing fluids?

Kalliomäki, Henrik; Wagner, Thomas; Fußwinkel, Tobias; Sakellaris, Grigorios

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.08.014

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Overall, tourmaline from the granite located around 1 km north from the main Palokas occurrence and tourmaline from Palokas display similarities in REE patterns, though some differences exist. However, as noted in previous studies (e.g., Kalliomäki et al, 2017), the majorand trace element composition of tourmaline can be highly affected by interaction with local host rocks and, therefore, differences may exist between tourmalines in different host rocks even if the fluid source is the same.…”

Section: Tourmaline Crystal Chemistry and Boron Isotope Compositionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Trace elements, especially the REE in tourmaline, provide important information on the environment of tourmaline formation (e.g., Yavuz et al, 2011;Hazarika et al, 2015;Kalliomäki et al, 2017). Laser ablation single collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-SC-ICP-MS) was applied to measure REE contents of tourmaline using a Nu AttoM SC-ICP-MS instrument (Nu Instruments Ltd., Wrexham, UK) connected to an Analyte 193 ArF laser ablation system (Photon Machines, San Diego, USA) at the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK).…”

Section: Determination Of Trace Element Composition Of Tourmaline By mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epigenetic gold occurrence in a Paleoproterozoic meta-evaporitic sequence in the Rompas-Rajapalot Au system, Peräpohja belt, northern Finland

Ranta¹,

Molnár²,

Hanski³

et al. 2018

Bull Geol Soc Finland

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The Rompas-Rajapalot gold prospect is located in the northern part of the Paleoproterozoic Peräpohja belt. It covers an area of at least 10 x 10 km and comprises various styles of gold mineralization ranging from localized high-grade Au pockets in uraniniteand pyrobitumen-bearing calcsilicate-carbonate-quartz veins in mafic metavolcanic rocks (Rompas area) to disseminated gold grains in Fe-Mg-rich metasediments and quartz-tourmaline-sulfide-native gold veins (Palokas area). This study deals with the petrography and mineral chemistry of the gold mineralization at Palokas, which occurs in the eastern part of the Rompas-Rajapalot prospect. Major and trace element data and fluid inclusion characteristics of tourmaline are used to evaluate the origin and the pressure-temperature-fluid composition parameters of hydrothermal fluids. Whole-rock geochemical analyses are utilized to evaluate the nature of the protolith of the host rocks. Gold occurs in a native form in at least two different textural settings: 1) single, relatively coarse grains disseminated among the rock-forming silicates in cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks and 2) smaller grains occurring in fractures of tourmaline in quartz-sulfide-tourmaline breccias and in fractures of chloritized cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks adjacent to the tourmaline-rich breccias. Fracture-related gold is associated with Bi-Se-S-bearing tellurides, native Bi, molybdenite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Coarser-grained disseminated gold were not found to be clearly associated with sulfides nor any fractures. Statistical correlations show that the Au concentration correlates strongly with Te, Cu, Co, Se, Bi, Mo, and Ag (ρ = 0.730-0.619) whereas Au correlates moderately with As, Fe, W (ρ = 0.523-0.511) and to a lesser extent with U, Pb, and Ni (ρ = 0.492-0.407). Gold has the strongest negative correlations with Sr and Ca. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of tourmaline from the Au-mineralized rocks (both vein type and host-rock tourmaline) and the late-to post-orogenic granite partly overlap and show similar LREE-enriched trends, with the enrichment being lower in tourmaline from the granite. Fluid inclusion studies from tourmaline in gold-bearing

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Section: Tourmaline Crystal Chemistry and Boron Isotope Compositionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Determination Of Trace Element Composition Of Tourmaline By mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic gold occurrence in a Paleoproterozoic meta-evaporitic sequence in the Rompas-Rajapalot Au system, Peräpohja belt, northern Finland

Ranta¹,

Molnár²,

Hanski³

et al. 2018

Bull Geol Soc Finland

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“…Subduction-zone fluids and their impact on arc-magmatism signatures were modelled based on ratios of Ba, Th, La and Sm (Van Hinsberg et al 2017). Trace amounts of Sr, Sc, V, Ni, Pb, Zr, Ta, Nb, Cr, Ga and Sn and REE have been used as proxies for mineralizing fluids in ore deposits and in other rock environments (Duchoslav et al 2017;Hazarika et al 2017;Hong et al 2017;Kalliomäki et al 2017). Relatively high Cl contents in tourmaline are used to establish the unusual hydrothermal setting for altered dioritic porphyries associated with a gold deposit (Bačík et al 2015b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cation partitioning among crystallographic sites based on bond-length constraints in tourmaline-supergroup minerals

Bačík

Fridrichová

2021

American Mineralogist

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Theoretical bond-length calculations from ideal bond valences for each ion and coordination allow for the prediction of ion site preference and partitioning in tourmaline structures at low-pressure conditions. A comparison of calculated data with published bond-length values enables the determination of the range of structurally stable bond lengths with a minimal induced distortion—the “Goldilocks zone.” The calculations provided the following conclusions: the B-site occupancy is strictly limited to B3+; the T site can freely accommodate not only Si4+ but also B3+ and Al3+, although these substituents require shrinkage and expansion of the TO4 tetrahedron, respectively; and the Be2+ substitution results in a significant difference in charge. Satisfactory bond lengths for octahedral sites were calculated for Al3+ (Z-site preference), Ti4+, Mn3+, Ga3+, V3+, Fe3+ (mixed preference), Mg2+, Fe2+, Li+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Sc3+, and Zr4+ (Y-site preference). Another group of cations, which includes U4+, Th4+, Y3+, and lanthanoids from Tb to Lu and Ce4+, have significantly longer bonds than typical Y-O and very short bonds for the X site; therefore, it is likely they would prefer an octahedron. The empirical bond length for the X site is met with Na+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, and lanthanoids from La to Gd, while K, Rb, and Cs are too large in the low-pressure conditions. However, the final tourmaline composition results from the interaction of the structure with the genetic environment in terms of P-T-X and geochemical conditions. This results in structural and environmental constraints that limit the incorporation of elements into the structure. Consequently, major elements, such as Si, Al, B, Mg, Fe, Na, and Ca usually occur in abundance, whereas other elements (V, Cr, Mn, Ti, Pb) could form end-member compositions, but rarely do because of their low abundance in the environment. The elements with contents limited to trace amounts have either structural (Be, C, REE, Rb, Cs, U, Th) or geochemical (Zr4+, Sc3+, and Sr2+) limits. However, environmental properties, such as high pressure or specific local structural arrangements, can overcome structural constraints and enable the incorporation of elements (K).

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“…Trace amounts of Sr, Sc, V, Ni, Pb, Zr, Ta, Nb, Cr, Ga and Sn and rare-earth elements in tourmaline have been used as proxies for mineralizing fluids in ore deposits and in other rock environments (e.g. Duchoslav et al 2017;Hazarika et al 2017;Hong et al 2017;Kalliomäki et al 2017). Chlorine contents in tourmaline are used to establish the unusual hydrothermal setting for altered dioritic porphyries associated with a gold deposit (Bačík et al 2015).…”

Section: Tourmaline Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourmaline studies through time: contributions to scientific advancements

Henry¹,

Dutrow²

2018

Jour. Geosci.

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Tourmaline studies have been an integral part of science and scientific exploration for centuries and continue to flourish today. In the 19 th century, the curious pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of this mineral attracted the attention of scientists who considered tourmaline central to a grand unification of the theories of heat, electricity and magnetism. The common occurrence of tourmaline in granites and granitic pegmatites was widely known at that time, but, subsequently, tourmaline was discovered in a great range of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and a variety of ore deposits, including hydrothermal systems. The chemical complexity of this mineral became more fully established and "appreciated" by the end of the 19 th century. In the early-and mid-20 th century, tourmaline studies greatly expanded as a consequence of the (1) exploration of wider ranges of geological settings, (2) development of instrumentation to characterize the chemical and physical properties of minerals and (3) the applications that derived from these studies. In clastic sedimentary rocks, tourmaline was identified as one of the most important heavy minerals and became a means to estimate maturity of the clastic sediment, to determine provenance and to make stratigraphic correlations. The crystallography of tourmaline was more fully understood and the overall structure and general structural formula was known by the 1960-1970's. Applications of tourmaline relied originally on its piezoelectric properties that became increasingly important during the 20 th century. One application, developed after World War I, was the detection and measurement of conventional and atomic explosion pressures based on tourmaline's piezoelectric properties. Tourmaline studies have expanded in breadth and greatly increased in number since 1977, when micro-analytical and crystallographic/spectroscopic instrumentation became widely available. Petrologically, tourmaline has become a valuable petrogenetic indicator mineral in rocks and sediments due to its occurrence in most rock types, its extreme P-T range of stability, from the near surface to the deepest levels of the crust, its capacity to attain a chemical signature during the evolution of the rock in which it is formed, its ability to retain that chemical imprint, and its capability to provide specific information on the time, temperature and fluid history of its host rock. More recent studies have greatly expanded the conceptual framework of its internal structure and have dramatically increased the number of tourmaline species from 4 to 33. The future of tourmaline studies is promising with many new and exciting possibilities that will continue to influence scientific inquiry well into the future.

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Major and trace element geochemistry of tourmalines from Archean orogenic gold deposits: Proxies for the origin of gold mineralizing fluids?

Cited by 40 publications

References 47 publications

Epigenetic gold occurrence in a Paleoproterozoic meta-evaporitic sequence in the Rompas-Rajapalot Au system, Peräpohja belt, northern Finland

Epigenetic gold occurrence in a Paleoproterozoic meta-evaporitic sequence in the Rompas-Rajapalot Au system, Peräpohja belt, northern Finland

Cation partitioning among crystallographic sites based on bond-length constraints in tourmaline-supergroup minerals

Tourmaline studies through time: contributions to scientific advancements

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