Maiden application of two degree of freedom cascade controller for multi-area automatic generation control

Abstract

Summary In this article, a 2 degree of freedom cascade controller (2DOF‐CC) is presented as the supplementary controller (SC) for multi‐area hydro‐thermal system. Proposed 2DOF‐CC is the combination of 2DOF proportional‐integral‐derivative (2DOF‐PID) and 2DOF proportional‐derivative (2DOF‐PD) controllers. The gains and other parameters of various controllers like PID, 2DOF‐PID, and 2DOF‐CC are optimized with cultural algorithm when considered one at a time. Comparison of dynamic responses of the system for PID, 2DOF‐PID, and 2DOF‐CC reveals better performance of the latter in terms of settling time and magnitude of oscillations. The study is also extended by incorporating superconducting magnetic energy storage units and explored that superconducting magnetic energy storage units effectively suppress the system dynamics against both step and random perturbations in presence of 2DOF‐CC. Selection of governor speed regulation parameters (R) and frequency bias parameter (B) in the presence of 2DOF‐CCs have been done in the considered system. Investigations recommend the use of higher values of R, and B should be kept at area frequency response characteristics (β). The effect of double reheat turbines on system response is also investigated and reveals that use of double reheat turbines deteriorates the system responses. Sensitivity analysis validates the sturdiness of parameters of 2DOF‐CC obtained at nominal conditions.

Coordinated regulation of voltage and load frequency in demand response supported biorenewable cogeneration‐based isolated hybrid microgrid with quasi‐oppositional selfish herd optimisation

“…Most of the literature on LFC studies reported so far had considered step-load perturbations, and few works reported with specific random load perturbation (RLP). 27,28 Since the net linear load (LL) demand variation (ΔP LL ) of hμG varies rapidly in a real-world scenario, hence a specific RLP pattern is instigated for 12 time slots of 10-second durations considering the monthly domestic metering of an average consumer in Bhubaneswar from January to December 2017, and listed in Table 1. Sometimes, nonlinearities are included in the system due to collective effects of some nonlinear loads, grid-tied-converters, and semiconductor-switching devices etc.…”

“…However, the coordinated frequency and voltage regulation of a 50‐Hz frequency‐based isolated hμG are unexplored so far. Again, most of the earlier works 27‐29 are focused on active power balance of a 60‐Hz–based system with ALFC, whereas this work focuses on apparent power balance introducing a novel integral square of weighted absolute error function (ISWAE). Hence, this work is motivated towards putting an earliest effort to study the performances of proposed (50‐Hz–based) hμG with PID controllers, using a novel QSHO algorithm.…”

Maiden application of SSA‐optimised CC‐TID controller for load frequency control of power systems

“…The benefits of using cascade controllers over single-loop controllers have been documented in [9]. A 2-degree-of-freedom cascade controller is discussed in [10] for LFC of a three-area power system.…”

“…The SSA imitates the swarming behaviour of salp during navigating and foraging in the ocean. It is noted from the literature that maximum of the previous research in this domain is associated with isolated [2], two- [3,4,14,20] and/or three-area [2,6,10,12,26,31] IPSs. Less care had given to the assessment of system dynamics for four- [7,8,13] and/or five-area power systems.…”

Maiden application of cascade tilt‐integral–tilt‐derivative controller for performance analysis of load frequency control of interconnected multi‐source power system

“…Dash et al [14] have proposed the cascade proportional-integral-proportionalderivative (CC-PI-PD) controller for evaluation of LFC operation of interconnected multi-source power system (MSPS). The study of three-area IPS employing 2DOF cascade controller is studied in [15].…”