Magnification and illumination in apical surgery

Abstract

Non‐surgical root canal therapy has proven to be a highly successful procedure when the case is properly diagnosed, treated, and restored. If non‐surgically treated tooth fails to demonstrate healing and the reason for failure is endodontic in origin and not periodontal, traumatic, or restorative in nature, apical surgery is often the treatment of choice. Significant advances in the use of magnification and illumination and supportive armamentarium in recent years have benefited treatment protocols in apical surgery such that teeth, which might otherwise have been extracted, now have a predictable chance for retention. The purpose of this article is to review the development and application of these advances and their implications in apical surgery.

Implant or the natural tooth—a contemporary treatment planning dilemma?

“…Examples include conservative pulp therapy strategies, [8][9][10] contemporary instrumentation and disinfection procedures, 11,12 and the use of the operating microscope in endodontic treatment, endodontic re-treatment and during surgical endodontic procedures. [13][14][15][16] In this context, these advances in modern endodontic practice have allowed the clinician to provide a greater range of treatment options, with predictable management of cases which may have been considered to be "heroic" in the past.…”

Recent Advances in Endodontic Visualization: A Review

“…Prism loupes also provide larger fields of view, wider depths of field and longer working distances than other types of loupes. (19) (Figure. 8) …”

“…Fractures, POEs, and canal isthmuses can be readily seen and dealt accordingly. (19) Recent improvements in microscope devices have been recently introduced. Modern microscopes can be easily positioned on the surgical field, and have reached a very good balancing over the complete range of movement.…”

“…Loupes are essentially two monocular microscopes with lenses mounted side by side and angled inward (convergent optics) to focus on an object. (19) Magnifying telescopes sometimes are called "loupes." A loupe can be as simple as a flat, single-element magnifier (such as plastic magnifying squares that are mounted in front of the eyes) or as complex as a multiple element telescope.Loupes are classified by the optical method in which they produce magnification.…”

“…The camera head used in the EVS system is an S-video camera and, as such, documentation is usually accomplished by recording streaming video onto tape or digitized to DVD. (19) (Figure.7) Now days the EVS II System is introduced. It also combines the fiber optic orascope and a rigid endoscope.…”