“…They have broad applications in biology and biomedicine, including drug delivery and targeting, [7][8][9][10][11][12] immunoassays, [13] hyperthermia, [14] magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancements, [15] biosensing, [16] and the separation, purification or detection of proteins, DNA, viruses, and cells, etc. [17][18][19][20] For biological applications, many researchers have prepared Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles with various structures, or loaded them with silica, [21] polymer, [22] and lipid vesicles, [23] etc. Furthermore, magnetite nanoparticles have been applied as electrode materials in supercapacitors, [24][25][26] and lithium ion batteries (LIBs).…”