Magnetic Structure and Propagation of Two Interacting CMEs From the Sun to Saturn

Palmerio, Erika; Nieves‐Chinchilla, Teresa; Kilpua, Emilia; Barnes, David; Zhukov, A. N.; Jian, L. K.; Witasse, Olivier; Provan, G.; Tao, Chihiro; Lamy, Laurent; Bradley, T. J.; Mays, M. L.; Möstl, Christian; Roussos, E.; Futaana, Yoshifumi; Masters, A.; Sánchez–Cano, Beatriz

doi:10.1029/2021ja029770

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 242 publications

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“…During the rising, maximum, and declining phases of solar cycle (SC) 24 (2010-2016), a variety of planetary missions with magnetometer measurements have made it possible to investigate the radial evolution of CMEs through conjunction events (e.g., Good et al 2015;Möstl et al 2015;Winslow et al 2015;Good & Forsyth 2016;Winslow et al 2016;Wang et al 2018;Davies et al 2020;Lugaz et al 2020;Salman et al 2020b;Palmerio et al 2021;Winslow et al 2021a). These works built upon similar efforts using Helios measurements during SC21 (Bothmer & Schwenn 1998;Liu et al 2005;Leitner et al 2007) as well as work with Pioneer Venus Orbiter and NEAR in SC22 and the beginning of SC23 (Mulligan et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Coronal Mass Ejection and Magnetic Ejecta Observed In Situ by STEREO-A and Wind at 55° Angular Separation

Lugaz

Salman

Zhuang

et al. 2022

ApJ

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We present an analysis of in situ and remote-sensing measurements of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that erupted on 2021 February 20 and impacted both the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO)-A and the Wind spacecraft, which were separated longitudinally by 55°. Measurements on 2021 February 24 at both spacecraft are consistent with the passage of a magnetic ejecta (ME), making this one of the widest reported multispacecraft ME detections. The CME is associated with a low-inclined and wide filament eruption from the Sun’s southern hemisphere, which propagates between STEREO-A and Wind around E34. At STEREO-A, the measurements indicate the passage of a moderately fast (∼425 km s−1) shock-driving ME, occurring 2–3 days after the end of a high speed stream (HSS). At Wind, the measurements show a faster (∼490 km s−1) and much shorter ME, not preceded by a shock nor a sheath, and occurring inside the back portion of the HSS. The ME orientation measured at both spacecraft is consistent with a passage close to the legs of a curved flux rope. The short duration of the ME observed at Wind and the difference in the suprathermal electron pitch-angle data between the two spacecraft are the only results that do not satisfy common expectations. We discuss the consequence of these measurements on our understanding of the CME shape and extent and the lack of clear signatures of the interaction between the CME and the HSS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Coronal Mass Ejection and Magnetic Ejecta Observed In Situ by STEREO-A and Wind at 55° Angular Separation

Lugaz

Salman

Zhuang

et al. 2022

ApJ

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“…In addition to dedicated efforts in the context of space weather, which are traditionally focused on the Sun-Earth chain, the research community has also taken advantage of data from multiple spacecraft forming part of the Heliophysics System Observatory to perform multi-point studies of CMEs (e.g., Burlaga et al, 1981;Davies et al, 2020;Palmerio et al, 2021a;Witasse et al, 2017) and SEPs (e.g., Bruno and Richardson, 2021;Lee et al, 2018;Richardson et al, 2014;Rodríguez-García et al, 2021) at well-separated locations in both longitude and heliocentric distance. Such works have uncovered myriad characteristics and processes that may not be identified based on single-viewpoint in-situ measurements or require statistical surveys of large samples of events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMEs and SEPs During November-December 2020: A Challenge for Real-Time Space Weather Forecasting

Palmerio,

Lee,

Mays

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Predictions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a central issue in space weather forecasting. In recent years, interest in space weather predictions has expanded to include impacts at other planets beyond Earth as well as spacecraft scattered throughout the heliosphere. In this sense, the scope of space weather science now encompasses the whole heliospheric system, and multi-point measurements of solar transients can provide useful insights and validations for prediction models. In this work, we aim to analyse the whole inner heliospheric context between two eruptive flares that took place in late 2020, i.e. the M4.4 flare of November 29 and the C7.4 flare of December 7. This period is especially interesting because the STEREO-A spacecraft was located ∼60 • east of the Sun-Earth line, giving us the opportunity to test the capabilities of "predictions at 360 • " using remote-sensing observations from the Lagrange L1 and L5 points as input. We simulate the CMEs that were ejected during our period of interest and the SEPs accelerated by their shocks using the WSA-Enlil-SEPMOD modelling chain and four sets of input parameters, forming a "mini-ensemble". We validate our results using in-situ observations at six locations, including Earth and Mars. We find that, despite some limitations arising from the models' architecture and assumptions, CMEs and shock-accelerated SEPs can be reasonably studied and forecast in real time at least out to several tens of degrees away from the eruption site using the prediction tools employed here. Plain Language SummaryCoronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are phenomena from the Sun that are able to cause significant disturbances at Earth and other planets. Reliable predictions of these events and their effects are amongst the major goals of space weather forecasts, which aim to tackle all processes related to solar activity that can endanger human technology and society. In recent years, the breadth of space weather science has started to encompass other locations than Earth, ranging from all solar system planets to spacecraft scattered throughout space. In this work, we test our current capabilities in predicting space weather events in the inner solar system (i.e., within the orbit of Mars) for a period in late 2020. We use a chain of models that are able to simulate the background solar wind as well as transient phenomena such as CMEs and SEPs, and compare our results with spacecraft measurements from six well-separated locations, including Earth and Mars. We find that our current forecasting tools, despite their limitations, can successfully provide reasonable predictions of both CMEs and SEPs, especially out to several tens of degrees around the corresponding eruption source region on the Sun.

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“…During the rising, maximum, and declining phases of solar cycle (SC) 24 (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016), a variety of planetary missions with magnetometer measurements has made it possible to investigate the radial evolution of CMEs through conjunction events (e.g. Möstl 2015;Winslow et al 2015;Good et al 2015;Good & Forsyth 2016;Winslow et al 2016;Wang et al 2018;Davies et al 2020;Winslow et al 2021a;Salman et al 2020b;Lugaz et al 2020;Palmerio et al 2021). These works built upon similar efforts using Helios measurements during SC21 (Bothmer & Schwenn 1998;Liu et al 2005;Leitner et al 2007) as well as work with Pioneer Venus Orbiter and NEAR in SC22 and the beginning of SC23 (Mulligan et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Démoulin & Dasso 2009;Gulisano et al 2010;Lugaz et al 2020;Al-Haddad et al 2022), (ii) interactions with the structured background solar wind, such as corotating interaction regions (CIRs), high speed streams (HSSs), heliospheric current sheets (HCSs), and other CMEs (e.g. Winslow et al 2016;Lugaz et al 2017;Liu et al 2019;Scolini et al 2020;Winslow et al 2021b;Palmerio et al 2021), and (iii) the formation of the CME sheath region (Siscoe & Odstrcil 2008;Salman et al 2020a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Coronal Mass Ejection and Magnetic Ejecta Observed In Situ by STEREO-A and Wind at 55$^\circ$ Angular Separation

Lugaz,

Salman,

Farrugia

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present an analysis of in situ and remote-sensing measurements of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that erupted on 2021 February 20 and impacted both the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO)-A and the Wind spacecraft, which were separated longitudinally by 55 • . Measurements on 2021 February 24 at both spacecraft are consistent with the passage of a magnetic ejecta (ME), making this one of the widest reported multi-spacecraft ME detections. The CME is associated with a low-inclined and wide filament eruption from the Sun's southern hemisphere, which propagates between STEREO-A and Wind around E34. At STEREO-A, the measurements indicate the passage of a moderately fast (∼ 425 km s −1 ) shock-driving ME, occurring 2-3 days after the end of a high speed stream (HSS). At Wind, the measurements show a faster (∼ 490 km s −1 ) and much shorter ME, not preceded by a shock nor a sheath, and occurring inside the back portion of the HSS. The ME orientation measured at both spacecraft is consistent with a passage close to the legs of a curved flux rope. The short duration of the ME observed at Wind and the difference in the suprathermal electron pitch-angle data between the two spacecraft are the only results that do not satisfy common expectations. We discuss the consequence of these measurements on our understanding of the CME shape and extent and the lack of clear signatures of the interaction between the CME and the HSS.

show abstract

Magnetic Structure and Propagation of Two Interacting CMEs From the Sun to Saturn

Abstract: Coronal mass ejections (CMEs; e.g., Webb & Howard, 2012) are spectacular eruptions of magnetic fields and plasma that are regularly launched from the Sun throughout the heliosphere. Their magnetic structure, when they leave the solar atmosphere, is that of a flux rope (e.g.,

Cited by 30 publications

References 242 publications

A Coronal Mass Ejection and Magnetic Ejecta Observed In Situ by STEREO-A and Wind at 55° Angular Separation

A Coronal Mass Ejection and Magnetic Ejecta Observed In Situ by STEREO-A and Wind at 55° Angular Separation

CMEs and SEPs During November-December 2020: A Challenge for Real-Time Space Weather Forecasting

A Coronal Mass Ejection and Magnetic Ejecta Observed In Situ by STEREO-A and Wind at 55$^\circ$ Angular Separation

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