Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine. Evaluation of asymptomatic individuals.

Analysis of hard thoracic herniated discs: review of 18 cases operated by thoracoscopy

“…Similarly, among 20 cases of operated symptomatic thoracic herniated discs, Delfini [15] noted 14 calcified lesions and, in eight cases, an occupation of more than 50% of the spinal canal. In contrast, regarding a series of 48 common asymptomatic herniated discs, Wood [35] reported a predominance of small (less than 10% of the canal cross-sectional area) and intermediate-sized forms (10-20% of the area). Nonetheless, the large volume of these lesions appears to be the rule in hard forms in the thoracic spine [3].…”

Two brothers with a symptomatic thoracic disc herniation at T11–T12: clinical report

“…In contrast to what is commonly believed, thoracic disc herniations are not rare lesions, with an incidence of 37% on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in asymptomatic individuals [21]. On the other hand, they are frequently overlooked by clinicians who are unaware of their diverse and often misleading clinical presentation, this can include axial, thoracic or abdominal pain syndromes, non-radicular pain in one or both legs, claudication, sensory disturbances, as well as problems with micturition and defaecation [5,7,9,11,14,17,19].…”

Classificação por ressonância magnética da degeneração do disco intervertebral

“…Disc intensity signals are associated to chemical and histological changes 5,15,16 , and changes on T2 can express the evolution of disc degeneration. 17 Differentiating gradients between the nucleus, disc height, and intensity signal on magnetic resonance are useful in the classification of disc degeneration. 14 Bone marrow changes were assessed by other authors such as Modic et al 7 and can still be useful for classifying disc degeneration, and may also be correlated with disc degeneration.…”