Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Assessment of Gadolinium-Conjugated Diethylenetriamine Penta-Acetic Acid Test-Infusion in Detecting Dysfunction of Convection-Enhanced Delivery Catheters
“…Because gadolinium contrast was removed from the study, a visual assessment of all catheter infusion performance could not be undertaken. However, it is likely that infusion coverage performance was high and consistent, as seen in the first two patients, and unaffected by the presence of these transient events, similar to a previous report 41 …”
“…Because gadolinium contrast was removed from the study, a visual assessment of all catheter infusion performance could not be undertaken. However, it is likely that infusion coverage performance was high and consistent, as seen in the first two patients, and unaffected by the presence of these transient events, similar to a previous report 41 …”
“…Seven patients had a long-term survival of over 24 months and no Grade 3 or greater adverse events occurred (59,89). Another phase I trial demonstrated safety in patients treated with AdDelta24-RGD through convection enhanced delivery (CED), an intratumoral delivery using continuous, low-positivepressure bulk flow to deliver drugs through the implantation of catheters (90)(91)(92). AdDelta24-RGD is currently studied as a combination therapy in multiple phase I and II studies (NCT01956734, NCT02197169, NCT02798406).…”
The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains poor, with median survival fewer than 20 months and a 5-year survival rate merely 5%. Their primary location in the central nervous system (CNS) and its immunosuppressive environment with little T cell infiltration has rendered cancer therapies mostly ineffective, and breakthrough therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefit. However, tumor immunotherapy is developing rapidly and can help overcome these obstacles. But for now, malignant gliomas remain fatal with short survival and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a unique antitumor immunotherapy wherein viruses selectively or preferentially kill tumor cells, replicate and spread through tumors while inducing antitumor immune responses. OVTs can also recondition the tumor microenvironment and improve the efficacy of other immunotherapies by escalating the infiltration of immune cells into tumors. Some OVTs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and possess tropism for the CNS, enabling intravenous delivery. Despite the therapeutic potential displayed by oncolytic viruses (OVs), optimizing OVT has proved challenging in clinical development, and marketing approvals for OVTs have been rare. In June 2021 however, as a genetically engineered OV based on herpes simplex virus-1 (G47Δ), teserpaturev got conditional and time-limited approval for the treatment of malignant gliomas in Japan. In this review, we summarize the current state of OVT, the synergistic effect of OVT in combination with other immunotherapies as well as the hurdles to successful clinical use. We also provide some suggestions to overcome the challenges in treating of gliomas.
“…ONYX-015 is an E1B mutant adenovirus that was shown be safe in Phase I study [196]. Another variant AdDelta24-RGD is currently in preclinical and clinical development [197][198][199][200]. Reovirus selectively infects cells with activated Ras pathways and when tested in Phase I study with recurrent glioma demonstrated safety and antiglioma activity [201].…”
There is a large unmet need for effective therapeutic approaches for glioma, the most malignant brain tumor. Clinical and preclinical studies have enormously expanded our knowledge about the molecular aspects of this deadly disease and its interaction with the host immune system. In this review we highlight the wide array of immunotherapeutic interventions that are currently being tested in glioma patients. Given the molecular heterogeneity, tumor immunoediting and the profound immunosuppression that characterize glioma, it has become clear that combinatorial approaches targeting multiple pathways tailored to the genetic signature of the tumor will be required in order to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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