Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Purposes: Modern Trends and Prospects

Abstract

The presented paper is a review article discussing existing synthesis methods and different applications of nanosized magnetic nanoparticles. It was shown that, in addition to the spectrum of properties typical for nanomaterials (primarily a large specific surface area and a high fraction of surface atoms), magnetic nanoparticles also possess superparamagnetic properties that contribute to their formation of an important class of biomedical functional nanomaterials. This primarily concerns iron oxides magnetite and maghemite, for which in vitro and in vivo studies have shown low toxicity and high biocompatibility in comparison with other magnetic nanomaterials. Due to their exceptional chemical, biological, and physical properties, they are widely used in various areas, such as magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, magnetic separation of biological objects (cells, bacteria, viruses, DNA, and proteins), and magnetic diagnostics (they are used as agents for MRS and immunoassay). In addition to discussing the main problems and prospects of using nanoparticles of magnetic iron oxides for advanced biomedical applications, information is also reflected on their structure, production methods, and properties.

Dental Adhesive Interfaces Reinforced with Magnetic Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Modeling with Micro-CT versus Optical Microscopy

“…[ 23 , 24 , 25 ], drug delivery [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], viral sensing [ 29 ] or dental materials applications [ 30 ]. MPs are a category of nanoparticles of special interest that covers numerous such applications, including diagnosis, biosensing, tissue and immune therapy, regenerative medicine and dentistry [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. MPs used in biomedical applications are manufactured from certain materials: metals (Fe or Co), different alloys (such as Au/Fe), oxides (magnetite or maghemite), as well as different types of ferrites.…”

“…Regarding the first aim above, magnetic nanoparticles (MPs) manufactured in the laboratory are inserted in the adhesive, which is prepared with different procedures to optimize the adhesive distribution in the interface. Nanoparticles [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], including MPs are largely used in medicine [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. To our knowledge, we proposed using MPs for the first time in a series of preliminary studies [ 36 , 37 , 38 ] with the scope of obtaining a tighter connection between the composite material and the dental surface [ 39 , 40 ], compared with a conventional treatment.…”

Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Protein Immobilization

“…One of the most universal and widely used applications of magnetite nanoparticles is their treatment as carriers for protein immobilization [ 20 , 21 ]. The main problem in working with free, non-immobilized protein is the difficulty of its separation from the supernatant, which requires such techniques as ultrafiltration [ 22 ], ultracentrifugation, and microdialysis [ 23 ].…”

Filtration of Nanoparticle Agglomerates in Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions Exposed to an External Radio-Frequency Magnetic Field

“…In recent years, iron oxide nanoparticles and their hosting matrices have been subject to rapidly increasing development. This is due to their unique size-dependent magnetic properties, proven biocompatibility, the large chemical reactivity of their surface, and ease of synthesis [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. In particular, magnetite (Fe O ) and maghemite ( -Fe O ) are two main crystal phases, commonly used in various applications.…”