Magnetic Nanoparticle Thermometer: An Investigation of Minimum Error Transmission Path and AC Bias Error

Abstract

The signal transmission module of a magnetic nanoparticle thermometer (MNPT) was established in this study to analyze the error sources introduced during the signal flow in the hardware system. The underlying error sources that significantly affected the precision of the MNPT were determined through mathematical modeling and simulation. A transfer module path with the minimum error in the hardware system was then proposed through the analysis of the variations of the system error caused by the significant error sources when the signal flew through the signal transmission module. In addition, a system parameter, named the signal-to-AC bias ratio (i.e., the ratio between the signal and AC bias), was identified as a direct determinant of the precision of the measured temperature. The temperature error was below 0.1 K when the signal-to-AC bias ratio was higher than 80 dB, and other system errors were not considered. The temperature error was below 0.1 K in the experiments with a commercial magnetic fluid (Sample SOR-10, Ocean Nanotechnology, Springdale, AR, USA) when the hardware system of the MNPT was designed with the aforementioned method.

Characterization and Relaxation Properties of a Series of Monodispersed Magnetic Nanoparticles

“…This is also the basic principle of magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agents in MRI. It can be assumed that the magnetic field inhomogeneity is directly related to the induced magnetization produced by magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic field, and the induced magnetization can be described by the Langevin model [8,51,52,53,54]:M=Nm(coth(mBkT)−kTmB) where N is the number of magnetic nanoparticles per unit volume (i.e., the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles); m is the magnetic moment of a single magnetic nanoparticle; B is the static magnetic field; k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature.…”

“…In addition, MIONPs have good temperature performance and can be used as temperature sensors. Some scholars used them to make some progress in the field of magnetic temperature measurement [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and specificity after surface modification, MIONPs can be used as a target for drug delivery and disease treatment [12,13,14,15].…”

Temperature Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on an Improved Magnetic Nanoparticle Thermometer

“…Magnetic nanoparticles thermometer (MNPT) is a new, non-invasive method [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], which is based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). J.…”

Recommendations for In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Combined with Radiation Therapy

“…Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH) is a cutting edge technology, still in its infancy, that is based on the principle of embedding a heating source, namely magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), into the targeted tissue/tumor and heating it by using an external alternating magnetic field [ 41 ]. Its attractiveness lies in the fact that: (a) the MNPs can, in principle, reach deep-seated tumors via the bloodstream [ 42 , 43 ]; (b) the location of the MNPs can be determined using various imaging techniques [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]; (c) the MNPs can also act as temperature probes, providing detailed 3D information about the temperature distribution in the tumor [ 47 , 48 ]; (d) the MNPs can be functionalized with specific ligands in order to improve targeting [ 45 , 49 , 50 ]; (e) the MNPs can be conjugated with chemotherapeutic drugs to increase the efficacy of magnetic hyperthermia [ 51 ]; (f) the technique is minimally invasive, requiring only a simple injection; and (g) the procedure is rather comfortable since the patient is not required to wear special suits or be immersed in a thermal bath [ 52 ].…”