Magnetic Materials in Promoting Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Strategies to promote bone regeneration have been always the focus of investigations since the skeleton plays important roles like mechanical support, organ protection, and mineral homeostasis maintenance in the normal physiological activities of the human body. Magnetic fields have shown to be highly influential in the regeneration process, arousing tremendous interest in utilizing magnetic materials to enhance osteogenesis. In this work, we attempt a more comprehensive and detailed review of magnetic materials in promoting bone regeneration by including not only the mechanisms of bone regeneration, the history and basic concepts of magnetism, but also the types of magnetic materials as well as their influence parameters, designs and fabrication techniques with a focus on their usage in the field of bone regeneration like 3D printed scaffolds and implants. In addition, we provide some possible ideas on the synergistic action between magnetic and other materials on bone tissue. Finally, we propose the development trend of magnetic materials in the field of bone regeneration in the future. There is a huge demand for a more effective and less traumatic way to accelerate bone regeneration of the patients with diseases like fractures, tumors and osteoporosis that cause severe pains, bone loss, limb deformations, and restrictions of mobility. Magnetic materials have substantial potential to be manufactured into novel clinical applications with the ability to increase the bone regeneration efficiency.

<p>Fe₃O₄ Magnetic Nanoparticles Under Static Magnetic Field Improve Osteogenesis via RUNX-2 and Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis by the Induction of Apoptosis</p>

“…Recently, Peng and colleges showed that MNPs activate RUNX-2 mRNA expression and modulate osteoblasts differentiation and promote fracture bone healing. 42 In the presented research, we demonstrated, that MNPs modulate the expression of osteocalcin (Bglap2) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) axis which are tandem genes involved in new bone formation and calcification. At the same time, the enhanced expression of osteopontin on mRNA as well as protein level was observed in osteoblasts cultivated together with MNPs under MF condition.…”

Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics

“…The secretion of MtVs under physical stimuli has not been thoroughly investigated, however stimuli such as mechanical forces, electrical and electromagnetic stimulation, ultrasound, shock wave and low-level laser therapy have been shown to promote bone regeneration in vivo and in vitro [ 191 , 192 , 193 ]. These physical stimuli led to increased osteogenesis and bone formation in vivo.…”

Heat Transfer Modeling in Bone Tumour Hyperthermia Induced by Hydroxyapatite Magnetic Thermo-Seeds

“…Then Maxwell's equations were solved in the frequency domain using the AC/DC module [17,34]. The power which is stored and dissipated by the magnetic implant was derived by using Eq.s (9), whilst the dielectric losses were computed using Eq. (8).…”

“…Therefore, a plethora of magnetic biomaterials has been developed [4,5,9]. The synthesis of nanocomposites of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), polymers or ceramics (for example, using dip-coating or impregnation methods), or the manufacturing of iron-doped bioceramics, is currently under study [9]. Magnetic implants for bone tumour hyperthermia were developed using ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic nanoparticles [5].…”