Magnetic field generation in the water treatment perspectives: An overview

Abstract

In the last few decades, many researches on the effects of magnetic field (MF) on water have been reported; however, still many arguments and doubts are present. This review aims to focus on the basic properties implied in magnetic phenomena generation at the atomic and electronic level of matter. Fundamentals of magnetism and origin of magnetic effect will be discussed. Both paramagnetism and diamagnetism are very crucial in the examination of atomic and molecular structure; however, these effects are very weak and have no real practical importance. Large scale magnetic effects resulting in commercially important materials appear in atoms and ions of only a few metallic elements notably Fe, Co, Ni, and some of the rare earths. In alloys or oxides of some materials containing these elements and some neighboring ions such as Mn, there is a crucial improvement of the atomic spin effect. This enhancement comes about from the cooperative interaction of large numbers (10 13 -10 14 ) of these atomic spins producing a region where all atomic spins within it are aligned parallel (positive exchange interaction). These materials are called ferromagnetic. In spite of the achieved performances on MF technologies, there is a huge work to be performed for better understanding and controlling of magnetic water treatment.

Removing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) Carrying Genes (ARGs): Challenges and Future Trends

“…Nevertheless, the short amplicon-based qPCR techniques may undervalue ARG demolition and related absence of ARG biological role [39] [52] [53]. Thirdly, the running circumstances of disinfection technologies (such as oxidant or UV injection) and water characteristics (like dissolved organic matter [54]- [60]) may greatly touch ARG demobilization degrees. Most past researches were performed below the particular situations formed by disinfection technologies and wastewater matrixes, which shortens possibilities for inter-comparison and generalization of the finds.…”

Direct Potable Reuse: The Singapore NEWater Project as a Role Model

“…Direct potable reuse (DPR) is considered as the novel limit of water reuse [3] [62] [63] [64]. The fundamental feature for such a strategy to triumph is treatment boost in a multiple-barrier path, which can conduct to the almost not available likelihood of insufficiency [65] [66]. Singapore possesses several benefits to put into action DPR.…”

Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plant to Obtain Drinking Water

“…Contaminants in urban wastewater (households and small industries) are eliminated or decomposed [7] [8]. Treating wastewater is a portion of the overarching domain of sanitation [9] [10] [11]. Moreover, sanitation comprises the management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management [12].…”