Magnesium in dairy cow nutrition: an overview

Schonewille, J.T.

doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1665-5

Cited by 55 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Furthermore, from a producer's perspective it is much more convenient to measure the K concentration of herbage DM than the K concentration of tissue water. The practical benefits for dairy farmers of ryegrass defoliation according to leaf stage are outlined in more detail by Fulkerson and Donaghy (), who stated that defoliation before the 2‐leaf stage of regrowth will result in cows consuming herbage that is higher in K and nitrate concentration, which can cause metabolic problems such as hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) and hypocalcaemia (milk fever) due to the inverse relationships between plant K concentration and Mg, Na and Ca concentrations (Schonewille, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Determining the critical plant test potassium concentration for annual and Italian ryegrass on dairy pastures in south‐western Australia

McDonnell¹,

Staines²,

Bolland³

2017

Grass and Forage Science

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Potassium fertilization in intensive grassland systems is particularly important on sandy soils with limited K storage capacity. A 3‐year plot experiment was conducted in south‐western Australia to determine the critical K concentration in herbage dry matter (DM) of annual and Italian ryegrass required to achieve 0.95 of the maximum yield, under best‐practice grassland management. A factorial design was employed with eight fertilizer K rates (range 0–360 kg ha−1 year−1) and two ryegrass species replicated four times, on a sandy soil site managed over 7 years to deplete mean soil Colwell K concentration to 42 mg/kg. Herbage was defoliated six times per year at the 3‐leaf stage of regrowth. Herbage DM yield, macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations were measured at each defoliation. Dry‐matter yield increased significantly (p < .001) with increasing levels of K fertilizer in all 3 years and the effect was curvilinear, while 0.95 of the maximum herbage DM yield was achieved at an annual K fertilizer application rate of 96, 96 and 79 kg/ha respectively. At these K fertilizer application levels, the mean K concentration of herbage DM over the 3 years was derived to be 11.4, 12.7 and 11.2 g/kg respectively. Sodium, magnesium and calcium concentrations of herbage DM all declined significantly (p < .001) as the K concentration increased. Grassland producers on sandy soils should target a K concentration in herbage DM of 16 g/kg for annual ryegrass and Italian ryegrass‐dominant swards to ensure K availability is not limiting herbage production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…and hypocalcaemia (milk fever) due to the inverse relationships between plant K concentration and Mg, Na and Ca concentrations (Schonewille, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the critical plant test potassium concentration for annual and Italian ryegrass on dairy pastures in south‐western Australia

McDonnell¹,

Staines²,

Bolland³

2017

Grass and Forage Science

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“…However, the solubility of MgO depends on the particle size (Xin, Tucker, & Hemken, ) and pH (Urdaz, Santos, Jardon, & Overton, ). Schonewille () emphasized the uncertainty of Mg solubility and discussed the bioavailability of supplemental Mg sources in a recent review. Accordingly, a standardized procedure for testing solubility of MgO or other Mg compounds as one factor affecting Mg absorption should be developed for use in calculating the digestible Mg content of ruminant diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of magnesium intake according to requirement in dairy cows

Martens

Stumpff

2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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To date, no specific hormonal regulation system has been identified for homoeostatic control of the essential mineral Mg. In cattle, the maintenance of physiological plasma Mg concentration depends on gastrointestinal absorption, primarily from the rumen, which serves as a pool for covering the requirement. Whereas a possible surplus (absorption greater than requirement) is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, a shortage (absorption lower than requirement) cannot be compensated for by mobilization from the large Mg pool in bones or soft tissue, so that the maintenance of the necessary physiological Mg concentration in plasma relies on continuous and sufficient absorption. Our knowledge concerning the site and mechanisms of Mg absorption has improved during the last few decades, and meta‐analyses of the absorption of Mg in dairy cows have shown that the K content has a pronounced negative effect on Mg digestibility. The current recommendations of Mg intake propose a constant percentage of Mg and emphasize the depressive effect of high potassium (K) intake on Mg absorption. The current knowledge about the antagonism between K intake and Mg absorption allows a more flexible solution which includes the K content of the diet. An assessment of Mg intake is proposed that incorporates the improved knowledge of Mg absorption, metabolism and requirement. Within this framework, an equation is derived that allows a prediction of the amount of Mg required to compensate for dietary K content, the goal being to avoid both possible undernutrition or an unnecessary surplus of dietary Mg.

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“…Também é conhecido que a hiperglicemia em diabéticos aumenta a diurese, provocando elevação na filtração de Mg e consequentemente hipermagnesúria, enquanto as concentrações plasmáticas diminuem [14]. Em bovinos, a magnesemia é dependente da ingestão diária de Mg [8], podendo ser afetada por fatores que causam diminuição do consumo voluntário, como a acidose ruminal, cetose entre outras alterações que podem ser observadas no pós-parto [22]. Além do mais, um rigoroso controle do metabolismo renal de Mg, a fim prevenir alterações nos seus teores, provoca o aumento na excreção urinária deste mineral em casos de hipermagnesemia e redução em casos de hipomagnesemia [22].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Em bovinos, a magnesemia é dependente da ingestão diária de Mg [8], podendo ser afetada por fatores que causam diminuição do consumo voluntário, como a acidose ruminal, cetose entre outras alterações que podem ser observadas no pós-parto [22]. Além do mais, um rigoroso controle do metabolismo renal de Mg, a fim prevenir alterações nos seus teores, provoca o aumento na excreção urinária deste mineral em casos de hipermagnesemia e redução em casos de hipomagnesemia [22]. Estas observações associadas ao fato que os animais deste estudo receberem suplementação mineral na dieta, a fim de prevenir possível deficiência mineral das pastagens, justificam a falta de alterações no metabolismo do Mg em animais intolerantes a glicose.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Calcium and Magnesium Urinary Excretion in Dairy Cows with Different Fee of Glucose Metabolization

Schwegler

Montagner

Schmitt

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: The post-partum period in dairy cows is accompanied by a low glucose metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue, being glucose conducted to the milk production. In humans, low glucose metabolism is associated with metabolic syndromes, the high glucose levels reduce tubular reabsorption of Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca), leading to hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. These minerals are important to the dairy cow, as their decrease leads to diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between glucose metabolism rate with the urinary excretion of Ca and Mg in multiparous dairy cows during the post-partum period.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty dairy cows were used from a commercial farm southern Brazil, in the semi-extensive system. Glucose tolerance tests were performed (TTG) on day 9 relative to calving. The cows were categorized into three groups according to the glucose metabolism rate (area under the glucose curve, glucose half-life and glucose consumption rate): High Glucose Metabolization (GA); Intermediate Glucose Metabolizing (GI); and Low Glucose Metabolization (GL). Blood and urine samples were collected on days 0, + 3, + 6, + 9, +16 and +2 3 in relation to calving for to determine the levels of Ca, Mg, insulin (Ins), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and Glu. In urine was evaluated the excretion of Ca and Mg. The cows were milked twice a day (at 3:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m.) and the milk yield (kg/cow) was recorded daily and averages were generated every five days from day 15 to day 60 postpartum. The statistical analyses were performed with the MIXED procedure to assess the main effect of group, time (in days) and their interaction by using version 9.2 SAS software. The influence of the different rates of glucose metabolism on milk production was observed, the GB group had a production than GH group (30.88 ± 1.44 kg vs 23.96 ± 1.43 kg, P < 0.01), but did not differ from GI. The GL group showed higher levels of Glu compared to GA (P < 0.05). The plasma Ca levels were higher in GL (P < 0.05) compared with GH. The NEFA, insulin, and excretion of minerals did not differ between groups (P > 0.05).Discussion: The low glucose metabolism in humans causes an increase in the excretion of Ca and Mg urine, however, in the animals studied, these changes were not observed. This result can be attributed to the fact that insulin resistance is transitory in dairy cattle. The higher glucose levels in the GL group are related due to the lower capacity of glucose entry in the peripheral tissues (adipose and skeletal muscle), which reflected in the higher milk production observed this group. However, the higher calcium concentrations were not expected, since the release of insulin by β-pancreatic cells is dependent on calcium. Possibly, these higher calcium levels in GB, are related to higher milk production, requiring a greater amount of calcium for the production of casein, increasing bone mobilization, intestinal absorption. The energy metabolites, non-esterified fatty acids and insulin, did not differ between groups, suggesting that the animals did not present different metabolic conditions. We conclude that multiparous dairy cows with low glucose metabolism rate (GB) have higher levels of glucose after delivery and increased milk production. The metabolism rate of glucose did not influence the excretion of the Ca and Mg minerals.

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Magnesium in dairy cow nutrition: an overview

Cited by 55 publications

References 80 publications

Determining the critical plant test potassium concentration for annual and Italian ryegrass on dairy pastures in south‐western Australia

Determining the critical plant test potassium concentration for annual and Italian ryegrass on dairy pastures in south‐western Australia

Assessment of magnesium intake according to requirement in dairy cows

Calcium and Magnesium Urinary Excretion in Dairy Cows with Different Fee of Glucose Metabolization

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