Superabsorbent polymers
(SAPs) are useful polymers in a wide range
of application fields ranging from the hygiene industry to construction
and agriculture. As versatility and high water absorption capacity
are their important merits, SAPs usually suffer from low water retention
capacity (fast release) and weak mechanical properties. To address
these drawbacks, a set of new superabsorbent polymer–Halloysite
nanotube (HNT) nanocomposites was synthesized via free radical polymerization
of acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid, and acrylic
acid in the presence of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) as the crosslinker.
FTIR and TGA characterizations confirm the polymerization of SAP and
successful incorporation of HNTs into the SAP polymer matrix. The
effect of the HNT nanofiller amount in the nanocomposite polymer matrix
was investigated with swelling–release performance tests, crosslink
density calculations, and rheology measurements. It was found that
equilibrium swelling ratios are correlated and therefore can be tuned
via the crosslink densities of nanocomposites, while water retention
capacities are governed by storage moduli. A maximum swelling of 537
g/g was observed when 5 wt % HNT was incorporated, in which the crosslink
density is the lowest. Among the SAP nanocomposites prepared, the
highest storage modulus was observed when 1 wt % of nanofiller was
incorporated, which coincides with the nanocomposite with the longest
water retention. The water release duration of SAPs was prolonged
up to 27 days with 1% HNT addition in parallel with the achieved maximum
storage modulus. Finally, three different incorporation mechanisms
of the HNT nanofiller into the SAP nanocomposite structure were proposed
and confirmed with rheology measurements. This study provides a rapid
synthesis method for SAP nanocomposites with enhanced water retention
capacities and explains the relationship between swelling and crosslink
density and water retention and mechanical properties of SAP nanocomposites.