Macrophage polarity and wound age determination

Abstract

We investigated the dynamics of the gene expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers during skin wound healing in mice. Expression of M1-macrophage markers, such as Il12a, Tnf, Il6, Il1b, and Nos2 was upregulated after wounding and peaked at 1 or 3 days after injury, and that of M2-macrophage markers such as Mrc1, Cd163, Ccl17, Arg, and Tgfb1, peaked at 6 days after injury. Consistent with these findings, using triple-color immunofluorescence analysis revealed that F4/80+CD80+ M1 macrophages were more abundant than F4/80+CD206+ M2 macrophages on day 3 in mouse wound specimens, and that M2 macrophages were prominently detected in day 6 wounds. For application in forensic practice, we examined macrophage polarization using human wound specimens. The average ratios of CD68+iNOS+ M1 macrophages to CD68+CD163+ M2 macrophages (M1/M2 ratios) were greater than 2.5 for the wounds aged 2–5 days. Out of 11 wounds aged 1–5 days, five samples had the M1/M2 ratios of > 3.0. These observations propose that the M1/M2 ratios of 3.0 would indicate a wound age of 1–5 days as the forensic opinion. This study showed that M1 and M2 macrophages in human skin wound might be a promising marker for wound age determination.

Drug cross‐linking electrospun fiber for effective infected wound healing

“…The balance between M1 and M2 macrophage during wound healing was quite important for accelerated wound repair 68–70 . At the beginning of wound healing, M1 macrophage was quickly augmented and dominated in the wound bed, which contributed to the inflammation in the wound bed to remove infections and pathogens.…”

“…The balance between M1 and M2 macrophage during wound healing was quite important for accelerated wound repair. [68][69][70] At the beginning of wound healing, M1 macrophage was quickly augmented and dominated in the wound bed, which contributed to the In the repairing stage, M1 macrophage decreased while M2 macrophage significantly increased to accelerate wound healing and remodeling. Therefore, the macrophage polarization and balance were further studied to investigate the healing effect of TA/PVA fiber through the immunofluorescence staining of CD86 and CD206, which were the typical marker of M1 and M2, respectively.…”

Matrisomal components involved in regenerative wound healing in axolotl and Acomys: implications for biomaterial development

“…48 On the other hand, in Mus , both M1 and M2 macrophages are present throughout all connective tissues of the injured area. 53 Interestingly, the depletion of macrophages through clodronate liposome injections severely delayed ear hole closure in Acomys. 50 The neutrophil response in Acomys is delayed compared to Mus and differences were found in the number of neutrophils in various compartments, such as blood and bone marrow, when comparing several species of Acomys to Mus.…”