Macronutrient Analysis of a Nationwide Sample of Donor Breast Milk

Wojcik, Katherine Y.; Rechtman, David J.; Lee, Martin L.; Montoya, Armando; Medo, Elena

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.008

Cited by 157 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Since then, this value has been confirmed by several recent studies on donor breast milk or own mother's milk (mean ± standard deviation (SD)): 65  11 kcal/100 mL for donor breast milk (Wojcik et al, 2009); 67.3  6.5 kcal/100 mL for own mother's milk, 64.1  5.9 kcal/100 mL for single-donor pooled breast milk, 63.6  4.5 kcal/100 mL for multiple-donor pooled breast milk (de Halleux and Rigo, 2013); 62 ± 9.6 kcal/100 mL to 65 ± 9.1 kcal/100 mL for own mother's milk (Nielsen et al, 2011) and 66 ± 12 kcal/100 mL for donor breast milk (Cooper et al, 2013).…”

Section: Energy Density Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 57%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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Section: Energy Density Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 57%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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“…Analysis of 2,554 samples of donated milk produced by 244 women at a Danish milk bank revealed a large range in fat content showing concentrations of 1.8 g/dl at the lower 2.5 percentile and 8.9 g/ dl at the upper 97.5 percentile (31). In 415 nationwide samples from 273 women in the United States, an extreme range of 0.7-7.06 g/dl was seen (33). The coefficient of variation for fat was the largest of the three macronutrients at 21%.…”

Section: Fat Intake and Absorption In Preterm Infants: Variable Exposmentioning

confidence: 98%

Linking fat intake, the intestinal microbiome, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

Robinson

Caplan

2014

Pediatr Res

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“…The protein content however is very variable, ranging from 1 to 4 gram/100 ml [28]. Secondly, there is a rather rapid decline in protein content in the first two to four weeks after birth, after which period the content is not different from the term delivered mother.…”

Section: Composition Of Human Milk From Preterm Delivering Womanmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nutrition of the preterm infant

P.J.J.

2015

Pediatr (SPb)

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Abstract. Nutrition is of great importance for the preterm infant. It is not only essential for survival, but also makes provision for rapid development of many organs outside the uterus which process normally takes place in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is for future life essential that all factors that might influence the development are as optimal as possible, including nutrition. However, there might also be an upper limit to the intake of some ingredients in the neonatal period. The rate of growth of the preterm infant is five times higher compared to term infants and the breast of the mother delivering preterm might yet be ready to produce the optimal composition of milk. Preterm infants receiving mothers milk only are known to show a lower gain in weight and length than the so called reference fetus. It is therefore at least questionable if preterm human milk can be used to define the nutritional needs of the preterm infant. To define the optimal composition and amounts of nutrients for the preterm infant a factorial approach can be used. The estimated requirements are calculated from the calculated requirements for maintenance and growth. Though some studies have shown that the protein content of milk from mothers who delivered preterm can be higher in the first few weeks after birth compared to milk of term delivering mothers, soon after there is a rapid decline in protein content after which period the content is not different from the term delivered mother. Providing exclusively mothers own milk leads to suboptimal growth and insufficient accretion of minerals. The needs of the preterm infant in energy, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, pro-and prebiotics to provide optimal nutrition in the first days after birth are discussed in the paper. It is concluded that nowadays early, aggressive nutrition directly after premature birth with the immediate introduction of amino acids and rapid introduction of lipids is advised. Enteral feeding should be started very soon after birth, preferably on the first day of life and increased in the days thereafter. The first choise for enteral feeding is mothers own milk, supplemented from the second week with a fortifier. Special preterm formula might serve as a good alternative in case when breast milk is not available.Key words: preterm infants; nutritional needs; feeding; breast milk; preterm formula. ВскармлиВание недоношенного ребенка© п. дж. дж. Зауэр Университетский медицинский центр в детском госпитале Беатрисы, Гронинген, нидерланды Резюме. питание очень важно для недоношенного ребенка. оно обеспечивает не только выживание, но и характерную для последнего триместра интенсивную динамику внутриутробного развития многих органов вне утробы матери. для дальнейшей жизни важно, чтобы все -в том числе и питание -факторы, потенциально могущие оказать влияние на развитие, были, по возможности, оптимально сбалансированы. однако, для некоторых пищевых ингредиентов, используемых в неонатальном периоде жизни, могут быть и верхние границы потребления. скорость...

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Macronutrient Analysis of a Nationwide Sample of Donor Breast Milk

Cited by 157 publications

References 9 publications

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Linking fat intake, the intestinal microbiome, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

Nutrition of the preterm infant

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