Macrolide-resistant genes of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from the upper respiratory tract by polymerase chain reaction

Genetic commonality of macrolide-resistant group A beta hemolytic streptococcus pharyngeal strains

“…Previous literature has reported difficulty in enzymatic degradation of Mef A resistant GAS isolates with Sma I enzyme [14]. We encountered the same difficulty, necessitating repeating PFGE testing with Sfi I enzyme for all isolates.…”

“…(Remel Inc., Lenexa, KS) Isolates were confirmed to be GABHS by latex antigen agglutination. Susceptibility testing was performed by double disc (D- test) diffusion method, which allowed for identification of phenotype in resistant isolates [14]. D-testing was performed with a 2 μg clindamycin disc and a15 μg erythromycin disc placed 12 mm apart, with subsequent evaluation for zone blunting around the clindamycin disc.…”

Update on the prevalence and spread of macrolide- and lincosamide-resistant staphylococcal and streptococcal species

“…Penicillin class drugs are uniformly active against GAS and remain the drug of choice for treatment except in the allergic patient. Reduced potency of ERY against GAS was reported as early as 1959 and in the 1970s ERY resistance in Japan increased to almost 80% primarily due to the spread of a highly resistant M12 serotype [31,32]. The rate decreased significantly (to <1%) in the 1980s as prescriptions for macrolides decreased.…”

Distribution of fibronectin-binding protein genes (prtF1 and prtF2) and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes (spe) among Streptococcus pyogenes in Japan

“…24 In the present study, the predominant emm types were emm12, emm1, emm75, emm28, emm4, emm11, emm89, and emm58. 33 There was a peculiar association of erm genes with prtF1 and prtF2 genes. 8,10,34,35 The emm75 strains were more likely to possess prtF1, whereas strains belonging to other emm types were more likely to possess the prtF1 and prtF2 genes.…”