Macro environmental analysis of the electric vehicle battery second use market

Reinhardt, Robert; Domingo, Santiago Gassó; García, Beatriz Amante; Christodoulou, Ioannis

doi:10.1109/eem.2017.7982031

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The emerging concept of B2U is a timing topic with substantial market potential (Reinhardt et al 2017;Fischhaber et al 2016). A study by Jaffe & Adamson (2014) predict that the global B2U business will accelerate, from $16 million in 2014 to $3 billion in 2035.…”

Section: Battery Second Use Market Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Reinhardt

Christodoulou

Gassó-Domingo

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental Management

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140

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Nissan Eaton Leaf 4.2 kWh Residential energy storage UK (Nissan, 2017a) Nissan Eaton & The Mobility House Leaf 4 MWh / 4 MW Peak shaving, Backup power Netherlands (Nissan, 2016) Nissan Sumitomo Leaf 400 kWh/600 kW Renewable energy Japan (St.John, 2015) Mitsubishi & PSA EDF & Forsee Power Peugeot Ion, C-zero & iMiev n/a Renewable energy France (Green Car Congress, 2015) BMW UC San Diego Mini-E 160 kWh / 100 kW Renewable energy USA (California Energy Commission, 2012) BMW Vattenfall & Bosch ActiveE & i3 2.8 MWh / 2 MW Renewable energy Germany (Lambert, 2016) BMW Vattenfall i3 12 kWh / 50 kW Fast charging Germany (BMW, 2014) Renault Connected Energy Zoe 50 kWh / 50 kW Fast charging UK (Renault, 2017a)

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Section: Battery Second Use Market Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Reinhardt

Christodoulou

Gassó-Domingo

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental Management

Self Cite

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This method can be applied for other battery chemistries as well. The concept of recycling used SLBESSs are supported by other works too [37]. Based on these studies, recycling and then disposing of the leftovers appear to be the process of choice, but before going down that path, a few considerations have to be made.…”

Section: ) Where Batteries Go After 2nd Lifementioning

confidence: 98%

“…This system made use of the existing EV battery casings with just the battery connections changed, and features tolerance to entire system shutdown in case of a single battery pack failure as well as easy replacement of packs by hand [36]. Along with these projects, [37] listed some other collaborative projects that included efforts from Renault at the UK, and from Mitsubishi at Paris. Notable second-life battery projects are listed in Table 2.…”

Section: Where They Are Being Deployed Currentlymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies

et al. 2019

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The number of used batteries is increasing in quantity as time passes by, and this amount is to expand drastically, as electric vehicles are getting increasingly popular. Proper disposal of the spent batteries has always been a concern, but it has also been discovered that these batteries often retain enough energy perfectly suited for other uses, which can extend the batteries' operational lifetime into a second one. Such use of batteries has been termed as the ''second-life,'' and it is high time to adopt such usage in large scale to properly exploit the energy and economics that went into battery production and reduce the environmental impacts of battery waste ending up in landfills. This paper aids in that quest by providing a complete picture of the current state of the second-life battery (SLB) technology by reviewing all the prominent work done in this field previously. The second-life background, manufacturing process of energy storage systems using the SLBs, applications, and impacts of this technology, required business strategies and policies, and current barriers of this technology along with potential solutions are discussed in detail in this paper to act as a major stepping stone for future research in this ever-expanding field. INDEX TERMS Second life battery, battery energy storage system, electric vehicle, battery management system, disposal, battery aging, economic and environmental values, recycling and waste management. NOMENCLATURE A. ABBREVIATIONS

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“…With age and use, lithium-ion batteries reach a limit at which they are no longer suitable for electrified transportation. This limit is typically at 70-80% of the initial capacity [24][25][26], which occurs after a service time of about eight years, depending on the utilization [27,28]. Although these batteries are no longer suitable for powering vehicles, the remaining capacity is sufficient for less demanding applications, such as in stationary storage applications for grid management purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Operation of Stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems—Optimal Storage Design and Economic Potential

Faessler

Jakobsen

2021

Energies

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Global warming requires a changeover from fossil fuel based to renewable energy sources on the electrical supply side and electrification of the demand side. Due to the transient nature of renewables and fluctuating demand, buffer capacities are necessary to compensate for supply/demand imbalances. Battery energy storage systems are promising. However, the initial costs are high. Repurposing electric vehicle batteries can reduce initial costs. Further, storage design optimization could significantly improve costs. Therefore, a battery control algorithm was developed, and a simulation study was performed to identify the optimal storage design and its economic potential. The algorithm used is based on autonomous (on-site) optimization, which relies on an incentive determining the operation mode (charge, discharge, or idle). The incentive used was the historic day-ahead stock market price for electricity, and the resulting potential economic gains for different European countries were compared for the years 2015–2019. This showed that there is a correlation between economic gain, optimal storage design (capacity-to-power ratio), and the mean standard deviation, as well as the mean relative change of the different day-ahead prices. Low yearly mean standard deviations of about 0.5 Euro Cents per kWh battery capacity lead to yearly earnings of about 1 €/kWh, deviations of 1 Euro Cent to 10 €/kWh, and deviations of 2 Euro Cents to 20 €/kWh. Small yearly mean relative changes, lower than 5%, lead to capacity-to-power ratios greater than 3, relative changes around 10% to an optimal capacity-to-power between 1.5 and 3, and for relative changes greater than 10% to an optimal capacity-to-power ratios of 1. While in countries like the United Kingdom, high potential earnings are expected, the economic prospective in countries like Norway is low due to limited day-ahead price performance.

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Macro environmental analysis of the electric vehicle battery second use market

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies

Autonomous Operation of Stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems—Optimal Storage Design and Economic Potential

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