Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Reinhardt, Robert; Christodoulou, Ioannis; Gassó-Domingo, Santiago; García, Beatriz Amante

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.095

Cited by 140 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Today, batteries do not have to be recycled after having reached 80% of their initial state-of-health, a value which is defined as the batteries' end-of-life criterion in a car [43]. Actually, the battery can be further moved to a stationary storage for fluctuating renewable electricity [44][45][46]. The influence of this battery second use case on the BEV's life cycle impact must be examined accordingly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

2020

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This study compares the environmental impacts of petrol, diesel, natural gas, and electric vehicles using a process-based attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe characterization method that captures 18 impact categories and the single score endpoints. Unlike common practice, we derive the cradle-to-grave inventories from an originally combustion engine VW Caddy that was disassembled and electrified in our laboratory, and its energy consumption was measured on the road. Ecoivent 2.2 and 3.0 emission inventories were contrasted exhibiting basically insignificant impact deviations. Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory for the diesel car was additionally updated with recent real-world close emission values and revealed strong increases over four midpoint impact categories, when matched with the standard Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory. Producing batteries with photovoltaic electricity instead of Chinese coal-based electricity decreases climate impacts of battery production by 69%. Break-even mileages for the electric VW Caddy to pass the combustion engine models under various conditions in terms of climate change impact ranged from 17,000 to 310,000 km. Break-even mileages, when contrasting the VW Caddy and a mini car (SMART), which was as well electrified, did not show systematic differences. Also, CO 2 -eq emissions in terms of passenger kilometers travelled (54-158 g CO 2 -eq/PKT) are fairly similar based on 1 person travelling in the mini car and 1.57 persons in the mid-sized car (VW Caddy). Additionally, under optimized conditions (battery production and use phase utilizing renewable electricity), the two electric cars can compete well in terms of CO 2 -eq emissions per passenger kilometer with other traffic modes (diesel bus, coach, trains) over lifetime. Only electric buses were found to have lower life cycle carbon emissions (27-52 g CO 2 -eq/PKT) than the two electric passenger cars.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

2020

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“…Therefore, in order to improve the value of NEV's battery second use in energy storage, it is not only possible to strengthen the technology research and development, optimize the industrial structure, and so forth, but also to combine the use of new energy power generation and change the form of government subsidies [35]. In summary, we can comprehensively consider the cost-income structure, business model, government policies, and other perspectives to increase the second use value of NEV's battery for energy storage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the development of battery energy storage in the world [16], we have summarized the typical projects of NEV's battery second use in energy storage [4,6,35], as shown in Figure 1. From Figure 1, the United States has been the leader in terms of NEV's battery second use since 2002, involving commercial value, technical feasibility, and related theories.…”

Section: Development and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second Use Value of China’s New Energy Vehicle Battery: A View Based on Multi-Scenario Simulation

et al. 2020

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Nowadays, many countries are actively seeking ways to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution. New Energy Vehicle (NEV) has become an important way to solve these problems. With the rapid development of NEV, its batteries need to be replaced with new batteries after 5–8 years. Therefore, whether the second use of NEV’s battery has commercial or social value becomes a research hotspot. The innovation of this paper is to use the cost-benefit method to determine the value influencing factors of NEV’s battery second use, and use system dynamics to perform scenario simulation analysis. The methods used in this paper are the cost-benefit method and system dynamics method. Firstly, this paper systematically analyzes the cost and benefit factors that affect the second use value of China’s NEV batteries and uses system dynamics to establish the relationship and value model among various factors. Then, this paper compares the value of battery energy storage between old batteries and new batteries. According to the cost-income factor analysis, this paper eventually selects specific factors and uses VENSIM software to carry out the multi-scenario simulation. The results show that NEV’s battery second use has commercial and social value compared to new battery energy storage. Moreover, battery cost, government subsidies, and electricity prices are three important factors that affect the second use value of China’s NEV battery. Changing the government’s cash subsidy methods, such as providing free batteries or combining new energy to reduce on-grid tariffs, will help increase the second use value of the NEV battery. In the future, the second use value of China’s NEV battery industry will be more significant, with the update of the technology, the surge in the number of NEV’s used batteries, and government support.

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“…However, power electronics could also increase the overall profitability, but few works assessed and quantified it [120,121]. This way, current recycling technologies must be improved if companies involved in ELV reverse logistic chains are willing to gather the highest profit from EVs [122][123][124][125]. Contrarily, the risk is the same encountered by companies when managing electronic components of ICEVs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices

D’Adamo

Rosa

2019

Sustainability

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The use of electricity for transportation needs offers the chance to replace fossil fuels with greener energy sources. Potentially, coupling sustainable transports with Renewable Energies (RE) could reduce significantly both Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the dependency on oil imports. However, the expected growth rate of Electric Vehicles (EVs) could become also a potential risk for the environment if recycling processes will continue to function in the current way. To this aim, the paper reviews the international literature on obsolete EV management practices, by considering scientific works published from 2000 up to 2019. Results show that the experts have paid great attention to this topic, given both the critical and valuable materials embedded in EVs and their main components (especially traction batteries), by offering interesting potential profits, and identifying the most promising End-of-Life (EoL) strategy for recycling both in technological and environmental terms. However, the economics of EV recycling systems have not yet been well quantified. The intent of this work is to enhance the current literature gaps and to propose future research streams.

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Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Cited by 140 publications

References 110 publications

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

Second Use Value of China’s New Energy Vehicle Battery: A View Based on Multi-Scenario Simulation

A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices

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