“…Different approaches are used in the literature for extracting features from the free-form educational text, such as Word2Vec (Mikolov et al 2013), Glove (Pennington, Socher, and Manning 2014), and more recently, transformerbased model BERT. BERT and its variation S-BERT is used for many educational tasks such as analyzing surveys (Esmaeilzadeh et al 2022), evaluation of students' essays and exams (Cochran et al 2022;Padó 2022;Condor, Litster, and Pardos 2021), lecture summarization (Miller 2019), and evaluating lesson objectives (Cher, Lee, and Bello 2022).…”