Mach-Zehnder Bragg interferometer for a Bose-Einstein condensate

Torii, Yoshio; Suzuki, Y.; Kozuma, Mikio; Sugiura, Toshiaki; Kuga, Takahiro; Deng, Lu; Hagley, Edward W.

doi:10.1103/physreva.61.041602

Cited by 139 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Bragg condensate optics, relying on short intense pulses, coupling an entire condensate (with all its velocity classes) to a different mean momentum state, e.g. to realise beamsplitters or mirrors [94,101,102,96]. Bragg scattering is very useful for Bose-Einstein condensate physics, as the associated momentum transfer is typically larger than the momentum spread of the condensate.…”

Section: Bec As Minimum Uncertainty Statementioning

confidence: 99%

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Physics with coherent matter waves

Bongs¹,

Sengstock²

2004

Rep. Prog. Phys.

177

190

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Abstract. This review discusses progress in the new field of coherent matter waves, in particular with respect to Bose-Einstein condensates. We give a short introduction to Bose-Einstein condensation and the theoretical description of the condensate wavefunction. We concentrate on the coherence properties of this new type of matter wave as a basis for fundamental physics and applications. The main part of this review treats various measurements and concepts in the physics with coherent matter waves. In particular we present phase manipulation methods, atom lasers, nonlinear atom optics, optical elements, interferometry and physics in optical lattices. We give an overview of the state of the art in the respective fields and discuss achievements and challenges for the future. § To whom correspondence should be addressed (sengstock@physnet.uni-hamburg.de) Physics with coherent matter waves 2

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Section: Bec As Minimum Uncertainty Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It becomes possible to directly observe textbook examples for interferometry [18,84,85,94,95,96,97,98] and for the propagation of wavefunctions in experiment and use them to investigate atom optical elements. An easy realisation is already the reflection of a matter wave by a potential, e.g.…”

Section: Interference Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics with coherent matter waves

Bongs¹,

Sengstock²

2004

Rep. Prog. Phys.

177

190

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“…Other experiments have further investigated this subject [5,6,7,8]. In particular, the group of W. Phillips has recently measured the evolution of the spatial profile of the phase of BEC's, by using a Bragg-interferometer [7].…”

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Time-Domain Atom Interferometry across the Threshold for Bose-Einstein Condensation

et al. 2001

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We have performed time-domain interferometry experiments with matter waves trapped in an harmonic potential above and below the Bose-Einstein phase transition. We interrogate the atoms according to the method of separated oscillating fields, with a sequence of two radio-frequency pulses, separated by a time delay T . We observe the oscillation of the population between two internal Zeeman states, as a function of the delay T .We find a strong depletion of the interference fringes for both the Bose condensates and the thermal clouds above condensation, even at very short times, when the clouds are still overlapping. Actually, we explain the observed loss of contrast in terms of phase patterns imprinted by the relative motion, as a consequence of the entanglement between the internal and external states of the trapped atoms. 03.75.Fi, 05.30.Jp, 32.80.Pj, 34.20.Cf The question about the coherence of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) [1], and the characterization of their phase properties have drawn considerable attention in the recent literature.The first evidence of a definite phase for weakly interacting condensates dates back to the experiment of the MIT group [2], where high contrast matter-wave interference fringes were observed in the density distribution of two freely expanding BEC's. Subsequent experiments performed at JILA [3,4] measured the relative phase of two condensate in different internal (hyperfine) states experiencing almost the same trapping potential.Other experiments have further investigated this subject [5,6,7,8]. In particular, the group of W. Phillips has recently measured the evolution of the spatial profile of the phase of BEC's, by using a Bragg-interferometer [7]. They have shown that a trapped condensate is characterized by a uniform phase, and after release from the trap develops a non-uniform phase profile.In a recent Letter [9] we have demonstrated an experimental method for a sensitive and precise investigation of the interaction between two Bose-Einstein condensates [10]. In this paper we present an interferometry experiment performed in the time-domain on the same system, which allows to gain a deeper insight into Ramsey interferometry [11] with ultra-cold atoms across the BEC phase transition.It is well known that Ramsey fringes are readily observable with a sample at room temperature. The reason is that Ramsey signals rely on the persistence of coherence between two distinct atomic levels, no matter what the state of the particles center-of-mass is. This is true only when the internal and external degrees of freedom are uncoupled. Whenever the latter condition fails, a depletion of the Ramsey fringes visibility can occur and has indeed been observed [12]. Thus, the entanglement of external and internal states of atoms trapped in a magnetic potential is the basis for the use of Ramsey method to characterize the phase properties of a condensate and a thermal cloud near BEC. In the JILA experiment [3], such an entanglement caused the observed Ramsey fringes in the population of ...

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“…Slow velocities and long coherence lengths allow condensates to exhibit greater sensitivity per atom than a thermal cloud with similar number of atoms. Though producing and working with condensates remains challenging, several groups have demonstrated Mach-Zehnder or Michelson interferometers using condensates [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. However, all these experiments have been limited to measurement times of roughly ten milliseconds or less.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The simplest method is to orient the axis of the device vertically, allowing the atoms to fall freely under the influence of gravity [3,6,8]. While this technique introduces no additional fields or dephasing effects, the measurement time is limited by the speed at which the condensate falls.…”

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confidence: 99%

Time-orbiting potential trap for Bose-Einstein condensate interferometry

et al. 2005

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We describe a novel atom trap for Bose-Einstein condensates of 87 Rb to be used in atom interferometry experiments. The trap is based on a time-orbiting potential waveguide. It supports the atoms against gravity while providing weak confinement to minimize interaction effects. We observe harmonic oscillation frequencies (ω x ,ω y ,ω z ) as low as 2π × (6.0, 1.2, 3.3) Hz. Up to 2 × 10 4 condensate atoms have been loaded into the trap, at estimated temperatures as low as 850 pK.We anticipate that interferometer measurement times of 1 s or more should be achievable in this device.

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Mach-Zehnder Bragg interferometer for a Bose-Einstein condensate

Cited by 139 publications

References 19 publications

Physics with coherent matter waves

Physics with coherent matter waves

Time-Domain Atom Interferometry across the Threshold for Bose-Einstein Condensation

Time-orbiting potential trap for Bose-Einstein condensate interferometry

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