Lysine synthesized by the gastrointestinal microflora of pigs  is absorbed, mostly in the small intestine

Torrallardona, D.; Harris, C. I.; Fuller, M. F.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00465.2002

Cited by 56 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Many details remain to be elaborated, such as the location and magnitude of lysozyme capacity. Also, work with pigs (438) and humans (168) that do not reingest feces demonstrates that there is another unknown pathway for absorption of microbially produced essential nutrients.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Digestive Physiology

Karasov

Douglas

2013

Comprehensive Physiology

243

221

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In vertebrates and invertebrates, morphological and functional features of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts generally reflect food chemistry, such as content of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and material(s) refractory to rapid digestion (e.g., cellulose). The expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters approximately matches the dietary load of their respective substrates, with relatively modest excess capacity. Mechanisms explaining differences in hydrolase activity between populations and species include gene copy number variations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional adjustments mediate phenotypic changes in the expression of hydrolases and transporters in response to dietary signals. Many species respond to higher food intake by flexibly increasing digestive compartment size. Fermentative processes by symbiotic microorganisms are important for cellulose degradation but are relatively slow, so animals that rely on those processes typically possess special enlarged compartment(s) to maintain a microbiota and other GI structures that slow digesta flow. The taxon richness of the gut microbiota, usually identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is typically an order of magnitude greater in vertebrates than invertebrates, and the interspecific variation in microbial composition is strongly influenced by diet. Many of the nutrient transporters are orthologous across different animal phyla, though functional details may vary (e.g., glucose and amino acid transport with K+ rather than Na+ as a counter ion). Paracellular absorption is important in many birds. Natural toxins are ubiquitous in foods and may influence key features such as digesta transit, enzymatic breakdown, microbial fermentation, and absorption

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Digestive Physiology

Karasov

Douglas

2013

Comprehensive Physiology

243

221

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“…Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that AA uptake can occur from the cecum and large colon (Holmes et al, 1974;Sepúlveda and Smith, 1979;Torrallardona et al, 2003a). Sepúlveda and Smith (1979) demonstrated that essential AA, including L-Lys, were absorbed from isolated colonie discs manufactured from intestinal mucosa of newborn pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sepúlveda and Smith (1979) demonstrated that essential AA, including L-Lys, were absorbed from isolated colonie discs manufactured from intestinal mucosa of newborn pigs. It has been estimated that approximately 25% of total intestinal L-Lys absorption in the growing pig occurs in the large intestine in vivo (Torrallardona et al, 2003a). Others have determined that in vivo AA disappearance and absorption can occur in the large intestine of pigs fed either a soybean meal-or rapeseed meal-based diet (Holmes et al, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of L-lysine transport across equine and porcine jejunal and colonic brush border membrane

Woodward

Fan

Geor

et al. 2012

Journal of Animal Science

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In nonruminant herbivores, microbially derived AA could contribute to whole-body AA homeostasis and thus decrease predicted AA requirements. However, postileal capacity of AA uptake is currently unknown. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that Lys is transported across the large colon mucosal apical membrane with capacity similar to that of the small intestinal mucosa in the pony and pig, we examined Lys transport in vitro using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Mucosa was collected from the distal jejunum (DJ) and proximal large colon (PLC) of growing pigs (n = 3) and ponies (n = 4), flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C. Jejunal and colonic BBMV were manufactured by Mg(2+) precipitation and used to determine initial rates and kinetics [the maximal transport rate (V(max)) and the Michaelis constant (K(M))] of l-Lys transport into apical epithelia by rapid filtration technique in Na(+)-gradient incubation buffer. Initial rates of total l-Lys uptake did not differ between the PLC and DJ in either the pig or the pony, or between the pony and the pig, at each l-Lys concentration. In the pig, compared with the DJ, l-Lys transport V(max) in the PLC did not differ (121 ± 26 and 180 ± 26 pmol•mg of protein(-1)•s(-1), respectively; P = 0.14) and l-Lys K(M) in the PLC tended to be greater (0.23 ± 0.22 and 0.89 ± 0.22 mM, respectively; P = 0.09). In the pony, compared with the DJ, l-Lys transport V(max) in the PLC was greater (62 ± 25 and 149 ± 25 pmol•mg of protein(-1)•s(-1), respectively; P = 0.04) and l-Lys K(M) in the PLC was greater (0.08 ± 0.22 and 1.05 ± 0.22 mM, respectively; P = 0.02). l-Lysine diffusion was not different between segments; however, total intestinal diffusion was greater (P = 0.03) in the pony than in the pig (115 ± 10 and 73 ± 10 pmol·mg of protein(-1)•s(-1), respectively). These results demonstrate that the large colon is capable of l-Lys transport across the apical epithelial membrane with greater capacity and less affinity than the jejunum, indicating that the large colon may play a significant role in l-Lys absorption and homeostasis in hindgut fermenters.

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“…However, it is insufficiently understood whether and to what extent microbially synthesized essential amino acids (EAA) might be used to support growth and protein homeostasis of the monogastric host. In various monogastric mammals such as rats (Torrallardona et al 1996a(Torrallardona et al , 1996b, pigs (Metges et al 1996;Backes et al 2002;Torrallardona et al 2003aTorrallardona et al , 2003b, man (Metges et al 1999a(Metges et al , 1999bMillward et al 2000) and now also rabbits, as a paper in the present issue of British Journal of Nutrition demonstrates (Belenguer et al 2005), microbial synthesis of EAA in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and their utilization have been demonstrated. Experimental evidence comes from the ' 15 N labelling paradigm' (Metges, 2000), which involves the administration of an 15 N-labelled inorganic N source (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%