Utilization of essential amino acids synthesized in the intestinal microbiota of monogastric mammals

Metges, C. C.; Petzke, K. J.

doi:10.1079/bjn20051509

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Finally, we cannot completely exclude the possibility that a portion of the Thr could be synthesized in rats by the gastrointestinal microflora de novo, which could be absorbed and used to meet the Thr requirements for protein synthesis. [52,[73][74][75] In theory this 'microbe' Thr could have a lower δ 15 N value when a significant amount of the 15 Ndepleted nitrogen from the excretion pool (urea, ammonia) of the host is used or if an additional 15 N-depletion occurs through the microbial synthesis of Thr. In addition, this pathway may be of increased significance under conditions of relative Thr-deficient status when high protein diets are consumed, which lead to paradoxically low circulating bloodstream Thr concentrations because of strongly induced catabolism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The dietary protein paradox and threonine ¹⁵N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ¹⁵N trophic level effect

Fuller

Petzke

2017

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The N-depleted results of threonine are linked to increased activity of threonine ammonia-lyase, and show potential as a possible biomarker for protein intake and/or gluconeogenesis. We hypothesize that the inverse nitrogen equilibrium isotope effects of Schiff base formation, between AAs and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate cofactor enzymes, play a key role in the bioaccumulation and depletion of N in the biomolecules of living organisms and contributes to the variability in the nitrogen trophic level effect. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dietary protein paradox and threonine ¹⁵N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ¹⁵N trophic level effect

Fuller

Petzke

2017

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…Alternatively, propionate may also promote phenylpropionate synthesis. Propionate can be converted to phosphoenolpyruvate, which in turn serves as substrate for the Shikimate pathway in commensal bacteria to produce phenylalanine and thus ultimately phenylpropionates 51 52 53 . The untargeted metabolomic platform used in this study was not able to identify SCFAs due to their polarity and volatility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmissible microbial and metabolomic remodeling by soluble dietary fiber improves metabolic homeostasis

Nohara

Ajami

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Dietary fibers are increasingly appreciated as beneficial nutritional components. However, a requisite role of gut microbiota in fiber function and the overall impact of fibers on metabolomic flux remain unclear. We herein showed enhancing effects of a soluble resistant maltodextrin (RM) on glucose homeostasis in mouse metabolic disease models. Remarkably, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) caused pronounced and time-dependent improvement in glucose tolerance in RM recipient mice, indicating a causal relationship between microbial remodeling and metabolic efficacy. Microbial 16S sequencing revealed transmissible taxonomic changes correlated with improved metabolism, notably enrichment of probiotics and reduction of Alistipes and Bacteroides known to associate with high fat/protein diets. Metabolomic profiling further illustrated broad changes, including enrichment of phenylpropionates and decreases in key intermediates of glucose utilization, cholesterol biosynthesis and amino acid fermentation. These studies elucidate beneficial roles of RM-dependent microbial remodeling in metabolic homeostasis, and showcase prevalent health-promoting potentials of dietary fibers.

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“…In fact, genes associated with Thr biosynthesis were recently identified as core functional genes present in the microbial genome of the gut (Abubucker et al., ). Regardless of the precursor substance of AA synthesis in microorganisms, the proportion and pathway of microbial AAs in metabolic processes, especially in the first pass, are both important parameters that must be determined (Metges & Petzke, ). However, it should still be mentioned that the AA synthesis of the entire microbiota has low availability for the host's AA supply in the case of a normal diet.…”

Section: The Effect Of Aas On Regulating Intestinal Microbesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Amino Acids and the Gut‐Microbiome‐Immune Axis: Physiological Metabolism and Therapeutic Prospects

2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

190

122

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Dietary amino acids (AAs) are not only absorbed and metabolized by enterocytes but also available to the microbiota in the gut in mammals. In addition to serving as the materials for protein synthesis, AAs can act as precursors for numerous metabolic end products in reactions involving the intestinal mucosa and microbiota. After penetrating the epithelial barrier, microbial metabolites can enter and accumulate in the host circulatory system, where they are sensed by immune cells and then elicit a wide range of biological functions via different receptors and mechanisms. Some intestinal bacteria can also synthesize certain AAs, implying that the exchange of AAs between hosts and microorganisms is bidirectional. Changes in AA composition and abundance can affect AA‐metabolizing bacterial communities and modulate macrophages and dendritic cells via toll‐like receptors (TLRs), autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2), and NOD‐like receptors (NLRs), and also regulate the gut‐microbiome‐immune axis via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), serotonin/5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), and other signaling pathways, all of which play critical roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity and microbiota directly or indirectly, contributing to intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, the current findings of the effects of certain functional AAs on the gut‐microbiome‐immune axis are reviewed, illustrating signaling pathways of tryptophan (Trp), glutamine (Gln), methionine (Met), and branched‐chain AAs (BCAAs) in the intestinal barrier and regarding immunity via crosstalk with their receptors or ligands. These findings have shed light on the clinical applications of dietary AAs in improving gut microbiota and mucosal immunity, therefore benefiting the gut as well as local and systemic health.

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Utilization of essential amino acids synthesized in the intestinal microbiota of monogastric mammals

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

The dietary protein paradox and threonine ¹⁵N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ¹⁵N trophic level effect

The dietary protein paradox and threonine ¹⁵N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ¹⁵N trophic level effect

Transmissible microbial and metabolomic remodeling by soluble dietary fiber improves metabolic homeostasis

Dietary Amino Acids and the Gut‐Microbiome‐Immune Axis: Physiological Metabolism and Therapeutic Prospects

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Utilization of essential amino acids synthesized in the intestinal microbiota of monogastric mammals

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

The dietary protein paradox and threonine 15N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ15N trophic level effect

The dietary protein paradox and threonine 15N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ15N trophic level effect

Transmissible microbial and metabolomic remodeling by soluble dietary fiber improves metabolic homeostasis

Dietary Amino Acids and the Gut‐Microbiome‐Immune Axis: Physiological Metabolism and Therapeutic Prospects

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The dietary protein paradox and threonine ¹⁵N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ¹⁵N trophic level effect

The dietary protein paradox and threonine ¹⁵N‐depletion: Pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ¹⁵N trophic level effect