Lyocell and cotton fibers as reinforcements for a thermoset polymer

Abstract

Cellulose fibers obtained from the textile industry (lyocell) were investigated as a potential reinforcement for thermoset phenolic matrices, to improve their mechanical properties. Textile cotton fibers were also considered. The fibers were characterized in terms of their chemical composition and analyzed using TGA, SEM, and X-ray. The thermoset (non-reinforced) and composites (phenolic matrices reinforced with randomly dispersed fibers) were characterized using TG, DSC, SEM, DMTA, the Izod impact strength test, and water absorption capacity analysis. The composites that were reinforced with lyocell fibers exhibited impact strengths of nearly 240 Jm-1, whereas those reinforced with cotton fibers exhibited impact strengths of up to 773 Jm-1. In addition to the aspect ratio, the higher crystallinity of cotton fibers compared to lyocell likely plays a role in the impact strength of the composite reinforced by the fibers. The SEM images showed that the porosity of the textile fibers allowed good bulk diffusion of the phenolic resin, which, in turn, led to both good adhesion of fiber to matrix and fewer microvoids at the interface.

In Situ Synthesis of Cu2O Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globulus Extract to Remove a Dye via Advanced Oxidation

“…The derivative thermograms distinctly reveal multiple degradation events in the samples. The first stage occurs at a temperature below 100 °C, due to the loss of water, which could be strongly bound to the cellulosic fibers due to its hydrophilic character [56]. Notably, the primary degradation of the cellulose matrix is evident between 350 and 370 °C, attributed to the decarboxylation, decomposition, and depolymerization of glycosyl units within cellulose during heating scans [56,57].…”

“…The first stage occurs at a temperature below 100 °C, due to the loss of water, which could be strongly bound to the cellulosic fibers due to its hydrophilic character [56]. Notably, the primary degradation of the cellulose matrix is evident between 350 and 370 °C, attributed to the decarboxylation, decomposition, and depolymerization of glycosyl units within cellulose during heating scans [56,57]. Low-intensity peaks were observed at 417.6 °C and 423.1 °C for samples with fabric, which can be attributed to the release of volatiles because of the decomposition of byproducts at previous stage [56,57].…”

“…Notably, the primary degradation of the cellulose matrix is evident between 350 and 370 °C, attributed to the decarboxylation, decomposition, and depolymerization of glycosyl units within cellulose during heating scans [56,57]. Low-intensity peaks were observed at 417.6 °C and 423.1 °C for samples with fabric, which can be attributed to the release of volatiles because of the decomposition of byproducts at previous stage [56,57]. Intriguingly, the degradation temperature of cellulose decreases in the F-CuNP sample.…”

Materials, Weaving Parameters, and Tensile Responses of Woven Textiles

“…Kenaf lulose; 0.8-3% lignin [39] [35] 41 [40]; 11-60 [35] 1191 [35] Animal-based Fibers Wool 33% keratin; 26% dirt; 28% suint; 12% fat [41] 1.3 [25]; 1.32 [31] 2.3-5 [25]; 2.7-17 [31] 50-315 [25]; 180-240 [31] Silk 75-83% fibroin; 17-25% sericin; 1.5% wax [42] 1.3 [25]; 1.37 [31] 5-25 [25]; 14 [31] 100-1500 [25]; 340-620 [31] Mineral-based Fibers Asbestos 28-68% SiO2; 0-34% FeO; 0.3-18% Fe2O3; 0-12.5% Al2O3; 0.6-40% MgO; 0.13-11.5% CaO; 0-5.8% Na2O; 0-4.35% K2O; 0.03-3.6% MnO [43] 2.5-6 [44] / 1000-4600 [44] Organic Synthetic Fibers Polyester Terephthalic acid 1.2-2.5 [40] 2 [40] 40-90 [40] Polyamide Caprolactam(nylon-6); Adipic acid (nylon-6,6) 1.16 [45] 5.3 [45] 919 [45] Polypropylene Propylene 0.9 [30] 8 [30] 800 [30] Viscose 97% cellulose [46] 1.50 [47] 11 [48] 593 [48] Lyocell 87% cellulose [49] 1.52 [47] 36 [50] 1400 [50] Some chemical structures of the plant-based and animal-based components are displayed in Figure 6. Figure 6.…”