Collections of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya bouillonii from shallow patch reefs in Apra Harbor, Guam, afforded three hitherto undescribed analogues of the glycosidic macrolide lyngbyaloside, namely 2-epi-lyngbyaloside (1) and the regioisomeric 18E-and 18Z-lyngbyalosides C (2 and 3). Concurrently we discovered two new analogues of the cytoskeletal actin-disrupting lyngbyabellins, 27-deoxylyngbyabellin A (4) and lyngbyabellin J (5), a novel macrolide of the laingolide family, laingolide B (6), and a linear modified peptide, lyngbyapeptin D (7), along with known lyngbyabellins A and B, lyngbyapeptin A, and lyngbyaloside. The structures of 1-7 were elucidated by a combination of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis. Compounds 1-6 were either brominated (1-3) or chlorinated (4-6), consistent with halogenation being a hallmark of many marine natural products. All extracts derived from these L. bouillonii collections were highly cytotoxic due to the presence of apratoxin A or also apratoxin C. Compounds 1-5 showed weak to moderate cytotoxicity to HT29 colorectal adenocarcinoma and HeLa cervical carcinoma cells.Marine cyanobacteria have been attracting increasing attention for probe and drug discovery due to the high incidence of structurally novel bioactive secondary metabolites that complement those known from terrestrial sources. These natural products are predominantly modified peptides and depsipeptides, polyketides and peptide-polyketide hybrids, many of which are cyclic and oftentimes halogenated.1 One intriguing characteristic of marine cyanobacteria is that a single organism commonly produces several distinct classes of natural products so that up to 10% of the genome may be dedicated to secondary metabolism. One example of such a "superproducer" is Lyngbya bouillonii.2 , 3 Various collections carried out over the past two decades have consistently yielded apratoxin A,4 lyngbyabellin A,5 lyngbyapeptin A6 and, with variable reproducibility, also lyngbyastatin 2,7 , 8 lyngbyabellin B,6 apratoxin B9 and apramides A-G.10 Recently we found that the secondary metabolite content of L. bouillonii may be depth-dependent, because at the same site (Finger's Reef, Guam) but at greater depth (14 m instead of 2 m) apratoxin E rather than apratoxin A was the major apratoxin produced by a morphologically identical * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: (352) Fax: (352) 273-7741, luesch@cop.ufl.edu. ‡ Contributed equally.Supporting Information Available: NMR spectra for compounds 1-7. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Nat Prod. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 September 24.
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript cyanobacterium.8 The latter, however, lacked the usually co-existing snapping shrimp Alpheus frontalis that is known to use L. bouillonii as food and tubular shelter.11 -13Previous investigations of L. bouillonii from Finger's Reef in Apra Harbor we...