Lymphocytes, Platelets, Erythrocytes, and Exosomes as Possible Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Diagnosis

Pluta, Ryszard; Ułamek-Kozioł, Marzena

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_4

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Experiments have shown that there are disease-related proteins (Pluta and Ulamek-Koziol, 2019) in exosomes isolated from plasma or CSF samples of patients with AD, which show that exosomes may be used as AD biomarkers. Goetz et al and Fiandaca et al found that neuronal exosomes isolated from the plasma of AD patients contained autolysosome proteins, and that LAMP1 levels had changed.…”

Section: Exosomes In Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases

Liu

Bai

Zhang

et al. 2019

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

159

131

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There are many types of intercellular communication, and extracellular vesicles are one of the important forms of this. They are released by a variety of cell types, are heterogeneous, and can roughly be divided into microvesicles and exosomes according to their occurrence and function. Of course, exosomes do not just play a role in cell-to-cell communication. In the nervous system, exosomes can participate in intercellular communication, maintain the myelin sheath, and eliminate waste. Similarly, exosomes in the brain can play a role in central nervous system diseases, such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), prion disease, and traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), with both positive and negative effects (such as the transfer of misfolded proteins). Exosomes contain a variety of key bioactive substances and can therefore be considered as a snapshot of the intracellular environment. Studies have shown that exosomes from the central nervous system can be found in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral body fluids, and that their contents will change with disease occurrence. Because exosomes can penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB) and are highly stable in peripheral circulation, they can protect disease-related molecules well and therefore, using exosomes as a biomarker of central nervous system diseases is an attractive prospect as they can be used to monitor disease development and enable early diagnosis and treatment optimization. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of exosomes, and introduce their pathophysiological roles in different diseases of the central nervous system as well as their roles and applications as a viable pathological biomarker.

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Section: Exosomes In Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases

Liu

Bai

Zhang

et al. 2019

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

159

131

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“…19 Platelets can be a good biomarker to investigate the onset of AD, where some studies have reported that platelets contain the amyloid protein precursor and secretase enzymes required for the amyloidogenic processing of this protein. 20 Therefore, platelets not only reflect AD-related events in the brain, but may also influence AD progression. The molecular mechanisms involved and impact of platelets on AD are not well understood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: Evaluation of platelets, hemoglobin and vitamin B12

Santos

Pardi

2020

Dement. neuropsychol.

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Currently, the most likely hypotheses as the cause of Alzheimer’s disease are deposition of amyloid beta peptide in the cerebral cortex and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is based on the exclusion of other diseases, behavioral assessments, and blood and imaging tests. Biotechnology has created interesting perspectives for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease through blood analysis, with special attention to platelets, hemoglobin and vitamin B12. Objective: To evaluate the concentrations of platelets, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 in the blood of older adults with and without dementia of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: A case-control study involving 120 individuals was conducted, seeking to establish a correlation between changes in platelet, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 concentrations in patients with confirmed AD and in individuals in the inclusion group without AD. The study met the established ethical requirements. Results: Hemoglobin and platelet levels were statistically lower in patients with AD. The biochemical evaluation in AD patient and healthy groups for vitamin B12 showed a decrease in the levels of this compound in patients with AD. Conclusion: We demonstrated the feasibility of the use of blood biomarkers as predictive markers for the diagnosis of AD.

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“…Besides playing a major role in physiological hemostasis, thrombosis and wound healing, platelets can also make great contributions to host inflammation and immune responses to infection and injury. Under uncontrolled pathological conditions, platelets play critical roles in acute coronary syndrome [ 76 ], central nervous system diseases [ 77 ], autoimmune diseases [ 78 ], and rheumatoid arthritis [ 79 ].…”

Section: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of platelet biomarkers in inflammatory response

et al. 2020

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Beyond hemostasis, thrombosis and wound healing, it is becoming increasingly clear that platelets play an integral role in inflammatory response and immune regulation. Platelets recognize pathogenic microorganisms and secrete various immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines, thus facilitating a variety of immune effects and regulatory functions. In this review, we discuss recent advances in signaling of platelet activation-related biomarkers in inflammatory settings and application prospects to apply for disease diagnosis and treatment.

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Lymphocytes, Platelets, Erythrocytes, and Exosomes as Possible Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Diagnosis

Cited by 21 publications

References 71 publications

Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases

Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases

Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: Evaluation of platelets, hemoglobin and vitamin B12

Role of platelet biomarkers in inflammatory response

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