Lymphatic and Blood Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles: A Story Yet to Be Written

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are cell-derived, lipid bilayer-enclosed particles mediating intercellular communication and are therefore vital for transmitting a plethora of biological signals. The vascular endothelium substantially contributes to the circulating particulate secretome, targeting important signaling pathways that affect blood cells and regulate adaptation and plasticity of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Different molecular signatures and functional properties of endothelial cells reflect their heterogeneity among different vascular beds and drive current research to understand varying physiological and pathological effects of blood and lymphatic endothelial EVs. Endothelial EVs have been linked to the development and progression of various vascular diseases, thus having the potential to serve as biomarkers and clinical treatment targets. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the human vasculature, the biology of extracellular vesicles, and the current knowledge of endothelium-derived EVs, including their potential role as biomarkers in disease development.

Analysis of extracellular vesicle microRNA profiles reveals distinct blood and lymphatic endothelial cell origins

“…Our data gives first insights into the secretory behaviour of EVs and their miRNA cargo by LEC and BEC and further adds to the relevant yet still sparse knowledge on endothelial EVs and their use in diagnostics (Trisko et al, 2022). This knowledge might be used for the search for fitting biomarkers in a cell-specific context in the future which could be based on the isolation of EVs from quasi non-invasive liquid biopsies.…”

“…In contrast to our knowledge on blood vascular-derived EVs, little is known about EVs derived from lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) (Trisko et al, 2022).…”

Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Alleviate Dexamethasone-Induced Bone Loss by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 Axis

“…Compared to MSCs, cell-free therapy of extracellular vesicles offers the advantages of immune silence, nononcogenicity, high stability, cell- and tissue-specific homing, and absence of vascular obstruction [ 38 ]. Extracellular vesicles are secreted by various tissues and cells and have membrane vesicle structures surrounded by a lipid bilayer [ 39 ]. These vesicles are classified into exosomes (30-150 nm, ultracentrifugation 100,000 × g pellet fraction), microvesicles (100-1000 nm, medium speed centrifugation 20,000 × g pellet), and apoptotic vesicles (500-5000 nm, low-speed centrifugation 2000 × g pellet) [ 40 ].…”

Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer structures secreted by living cells and are classified into either exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), or apoptotic bodies, based on the intracellular production mechanism and size ( Figure 1 ) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , …”