Lyme Neuroborreliosis in 2 Horses

Imai, Denise M.; Barr, Bradd C.; Daft, B. M.; Bertone, Joseph J.; Shao, Feng; Hodzic, Emir; Johnston, James D.; Olsen, Kim; Barthold, Stephen W.

doi:10.1177/0300985811398246

Cited by 58 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Both horses displayed dysphagia and were diagnosed with secondary aspiration pneumonia, which might account for the increases in SAA. Alternatively, the rise in SAA might be due to systemic effects of Borrelia burgdorferi , which can result in multisystemic inflammatory disease including meningitis, polyradiculoneuritis, myositis, myocarditis, vasculitis, uveitis, and polyarthritis 14, 15. Both horses had evidence of inflammatory disease within and outside of the nervous system; one had myositis and laminitis while the other horse with the greater elevation in SAA had severe uveitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Mittelman

Stefanovski

Johnson

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundAccurate antemortem EPM diagnosis requires evidence of intrathecal antibody production. Some advocate the use of acute phase proteins in addition to serology, which alone results in substantial false positives.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine if serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) or serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were elevated in cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) compared to other neurological diseases.Animals25 clinical cases of equine neurological disease: EPM (10), cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) (10), neuroborreliosis (2), equine motor neuron disease (1), degenerative myelopathy (1), and leukoencephalomalacia (1).MethodsSerum and CSF CRP and SAA were measured. Selection criteria included neurologic disease, antemortem diagnosis of EPM or CVSM, or postmortem diagnosis of EPM, CVSM, or other neurologic disease, and availability of serological results and archived samples for testing.ResultsSerum SAA and serum CRP levels were generally undetectable or low in horses with EPM (median CRP ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1‐14.4 mg/L; median SAA ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1‐6.11 mg/L) and CVSM (median CRP ≤0.1, ≤0.1‐2.41 mg/L; median SAA ≤0.1mg/L, ≤0.1‐13.88 mg/L). CSF CRP and SAA for horses with EPM (median CRP 3.35 mg/l, 0.19‐13.43 mg/l; median SAA ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1‐2.4 mg/L) and CVSM (median CRP 4.015 mg/L, 0.16‐9.62 mg/L; median SAA 0.62 mg/L, ≤0.1‐2.91 mg/L) were also undetectable or low. Kruskal–Wallis test showed no statistically significant differences between serum CRP (P = .14), serum SAA (P = .79), spinal fluid CRP (P = .65), or spinal fluid SAA between horses with EPM and CVSM (P = .52).ConclusionNeither SAA nor CRP in serum or CSF aid diagnosis of EPM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Mittelman

Stefanovski

Johnson

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Spirochetes can be visualized in affected tissues of the horses with Lyme borreliosis by Steiner silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry, predominantly within the dense collagenous tissue of the dura mater and leptomeninges (Imai et al, 2011). Leptomeningitis, lymphohistiocytic leptomeningeal vasculitis, cranial neuritis, and peripheral radiculoneuritis with Wallerian degeneration are the lesions observed during histopathology, which are consistent with a diagnosis of neuroborreliosis (James et al, 2010;Johnstone et al, 2016).…”

Section: Pathologymentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Clinical signs in horses attributed to B. burgdorferi include low grade fever and lethargy (Burgess & Mattison 1987b;Magnarelli et al, 1988;Johnstone et al, 2016), weight loss (Johnstone et al, 2016), changes in behavior (Johnstone et al, 2016), dysphagia (Johnstone et al, 2016), lameness (Browning et al, 1993), arthritis (Burgess et al, 1986;Hahn et al, 1996;Passamonti et al, 2015;Johnstone et al, 2016), neck stiffness (Johnstone et al, 2016), episodic respiratory distress (Johnstone et al, 2016), muscle tenderness and fasciculations (Johnstone et al, 2016), anterior uveitis (Burgess et al, 1986;Hahn et al, 1996;Johnstone et al, 2016), cranial nerve deficits (Johnstone et al, 2016), ataxia (Johnstone et al, 2016), meningo-encephalitis (Burgess & Mattison 1987b;James et al, 2010;Imai et al, 2011), abortion (Sorensen et al, 1990), cardiac arrhythmias (Johnstone et al, 2016) and foal mortality (Burgess et al, 1987a). Ataxia was characterized by general proprioceptive deficits and was frequently reported in conjunction with limb paresis.…”

Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lyme borreliosis in the horse: A mini-review

Kolk¹

2016

JEBAS

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Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic tick borne disease (also called Lyme disease in humans) which is caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. It is a thin, elongated Gram-negative bacterium and exhibiting motility with flagellar projections. Affected animals mainly show cranial or peripheral neuropathies and uveitis as the more commonly seen extraneural manifestation. Serological evidences confirm its higher occurrence in elderly horses than young ones. Although, incidence of equine Lyme borreliosis is low, its diagnosis is a real challenge. As no indisputable test exists for detecting antibodies to B. burgdorferi, histopathology remains the gold standard and might reveal vascular sclerosis and pleocellular inflammatory infiltrates in neural tissue. Despite antibiotic treatment clinical signs might progress or recur. This review converses with the disease etiology, pathobiology in brief and its mangment from publich health point of view.

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“…The serological status by IFA is denoted for each sample tested. (25). Future LIPS studies examining experimental B. burgdorferi infection in horses and correlating antibody titers detected with equine disease symptoms would be worthwhile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Profiling of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in Horses

Burbelo

Bren

Ching

et al. 2011

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi is common in horses and ponies from the New England and mid-Lyme disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi represents an important problem in veterinary medicine due to the wide-spread infection of dogs, cats, and horses in areas where the organism is endemic (3, 30). While most cases of equine B. burgdorferi infection remain asymptomatic, some horses show signs of illness, including sporadic lameness, weight loss, arthritis, and encephalitis (16). Unlike humans, where the first sign of B. burgdorferi infection is erythema migrans skin lesions, the diagnosis of Lyme disease in horses is complex, and diagnostic testing is only one parameter for confirmation (16).A variety of serological tests, including immunofluorescence assays (IFA), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), have been employed to detect human antibodies to B. burgdorferi (29). Considerable progress has been made in employing defined antigenic targets, such as the C6 peptide (1, 20, 27) and other recombinant B. burgdorferi antigens, including BBK07 (18, 19) and decorin binding proteins (Dbp) DbpA and DbpB (21,22,24,28,31,32). Although extensive testing of different antigens and assay formats has been performed for human Lyme disease (29), less is known about the optimal serological diagnosis of equine B. burgdorferi infection. Recently, the C6 SNAP test has been used for the serological diagnosis of equine Lyme disease (23, 26). Unfortunately, Chang and colleagues found that the C6 SNAP test detected only 63% of known, experimentally B. burgdorferiinfected horses, suggesting that this test is suboptimal for the diagnosis of equine infection (26). In light of the poor sensitivity of the currently available C6 SNAP test, a better understanding of humoral responses in B. burgdorferi-infected horses is needed.Luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) comprise a relatively new approach for the serological testing of antibodies associated with many different pathogens (5). LIPS is based on employing light-emitting Renilla luciferase-fusion proteins in a liquid-phase immunoprecipitation assay. Serologic testing by LIPS for a variety of human pathogens provides the full exploitation of antibody profiles because of its robustness, multiplex capacity, and high sensitivity and specificity (6,11,12,14,15). Recently, a LIPS test employing a synthetic VOVO antigen consisting of two variants of immunodominant epitopes of the C6 peptide and OspC achieved 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of human Lyme disease, but the findings were not statistically different from those of the C6 ELISA (10). LIPS antibody profiling of recombinant DbpA and DbpB also was highly informative (10). In this study, LIPS tests for VOVO, DbpA, and DbpB antigens were used for measuring B. burgdorferi antibodies in horses, and the results were compared to IFA results for the diagnosis of equine B. burgdorferi infection.

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Lyme Neuroborreliosis in 2 Horses

Cited by 58 publications

References 16 publications

Utility of C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Utility of C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Lyme borreliosis in the horse: A mini-review

Antibody Profiling of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in Horses

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